Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization—mass spectrometry

1 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry 

The atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometer is a versatile tool which can be used for the determination of ETS-derived 

At 20°C and ca. 21% relative humidity, the majority of clusters contain between five and eight water molecules (Sunner et al. 1988b). The hydrated H30 clusters are the principal ionizing reagent in the APCI ion source, and they protonate molecules (M) with gas phase basicities higher than water by the following reaction  

As the analyte ion cluster is drawn into the mass spectrometer, it passes through a curtain of dry N2 gas. The water clustered to the analyte is removed in collisions with the curtain gas. Protonated molecular ions of the analyte are the predominant species observed in the APCI mass spectrum of most compounds. 

Many compounds, including acids, can act as gas phase bases in their reactions with gaseous H30 (H20) ion clusters. However, the method is particularly suitable for the detection of compounds with high gas phase basicities. Nitrogen-containing bases tend to be particularly reactive in the APCI ion source. As a result, APCI provides an excellent method for detecting and determining concentrations of gas phase alkaloids. It should be noted, however, that this method is not suitable for the detection of any alkaloids which may be associated with the particulate phase of ETS. 

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C. Aguilar, I. Feirer, R Bonnll, R. M. Marce and D. Barcelo, Monitoring of pesticides in river water based on samples previously stored in polymeric cartridges followed by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid cliromatography-diode array detection and confirmation by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta 386 237-248 (1999). 

S. Lacorte and D. Barcelo, Determination of parts per trillion levels of organophospho-rus pesticides in groundwater by automated on-line liquid- solid extraction followed by liquid chr omatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using positive and negative ion modes of operation . Anal. Chem. 68 2464- 2470 (1996). 

I. Eeirer, V. Pichon, M. C. Hennion and D. Barcelo, Automated sample preparation with exti action columns by means of anti-isoproturon immunosorbents for the determination of phenylurea herbicides in water followed by liquid chi omatography diode array detection and liquid clrromatogi aphy-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry , 7. Chromatogr. Ill 91-98 (1997). 

ZEEB D J, NELSON B c, ALBERT K and DALLUGE J J (2000) Separation and identification of twelve catechins in tea using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry , Chem, 72, 5020-26. 

Van Breemen, R.B. et al.. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of carotenoids using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, J. Mass Spectrom., 31, 975, 1996. Tian, Q., Duncan C.J.G., and Schwartz S. J., Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and in-source fragmentation of lutein esters, J. Mass Spectrom., 38, 990, 2003. 

Kohler M, NV Heeb (2003) Determination of nitrated phenolic compounds in rain by liquid chromatography/ atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 75 3115-3121. 

Crescenzi et al. developed a multi-residue method for pesticides including propanil in drinking water, river water and groundwater based on SPE and LC/MS detection. The recoveries of the pesticides by this method were >80%. Santos etal. developed an on-line SPE method followed by LC/PAD and LC/MS detection in a simultaneous method for anilides and two degradation products (4-chloro-2-methylphenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) of acidic herbicides in estuarine water samples. To determine the major degradation product of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline, the positive ion mode is needed for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. The LOD of 3,4-dichloroaniline by APCI/MS was 0.1-0.02 ng mL for 50-mL water samples. 

Desai,M.J., Armstrong, D.W. (2004). Analysis of native amino acid and peptide enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Mass. Spec. 39, 177-187. 

W.E. Neff, W.C. Byrdwell, Characterization of model triacylglycerol (triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin) autoxidation products via high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 818, 169 186 (1998). 

McLoughlin, D.A., Olah, T.V., and Gilbert, J.D. 1997. A direct technique for the simultaneous determination of 10 drug candidates in plasma by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry interfaced to a Prospekt solid-phase extraction system. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 15 1893. 

Gimeno R.A. et al., 2002. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection in seawater and sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 958 141. 

Wissiack R., Rosenberg E., and Grasserbauer M., 2000. Comparison of different sorbent materials for online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of phenols. J Chromatogr B 896 159. 

Thomas etal. [72] used pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a fast economic screening technique for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Thomas used reverse-phase liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles in sediments. 

The method based on immunosorbents coupled on-line with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry [109], discussed in section 9.4.2.1, has been applied to the determination of substituted urea type herbicides. Supercritical fluid extraction with methanol modified carbon dioxide has been applied to the determinants of sulfonyl urea herbicides in soil [261],... 

Bogusz MJ, Maier RD, Erkens M, Driessen S. 1997. Determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides, codeine, codeine-glucuronide and 6-monoacetylmorphine in body fluids by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 703 115. 

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Jones JJ, Kidwell H, Games DE. 2003. Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of barbiturates by high-speed analytical countercurrent chromatography. Rapid Commun Mass Spec-trom 17 1565. 

Kagan M, Chlenov M, Kraml CM. 2004. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separations using ethoxynonafluorobutane as hexane alternative. II. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry applications with methanol gradients. J Chromatogr A 1033 321. 

Peters R, Hellenbrand J, Mengerink Y, Wal Van der S. 2004. On-line determination of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine. J Chromatogr A 1031 35. 

Kobayashi Y, Saiki K, Watanabe F. 1993. Characteristics of mass fragmentation of steroids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 16 1175-1178. 

Letzel, T., Rosenberg, E., Wissiack, R., Grasserbauer, M., and Niessner, R. Separation and identification of polar degradation products of benzo[a]pyrene with ozone by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry after optimized column chromatographic clean-up, J. Chromatogr. A, 855(2) 501-504, 1999. 

G.A. Eiceman, J.F. Bergloff, J.E. Rodriguez, W. Munro, and Z. Karpas, Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization of Pluorinated Phenols in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 10 (1999) 1157-1165. 

Tesche, F. Pickard, V. Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry practical approaches to their elimination. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003, 17, 1950—1957. 

Mauri PL, Simonetti P, Gardana C, et al. Liquid chromatography/ atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001 15 929-934. 

Li, W. ., C. L. Chan, and H. W. Lueng. 2000. Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for the characterization of anthraquinone derivative from Chinese herbal medicine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 52 723-729. 

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