Atherosclerosis Diabetes

Wong BW, Wong D, McManus BM. Characterization of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and CX3CR1 in human coronary arteries with native atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and transplant vascular disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2002 ll(6) 332-338. 

As a result of the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipi-demia, and hypercoagulability associated with diabetes, diabetic patients are at particularly high risk for complications of atherosclerosis, Diabetes accelerates the natural course of the atherosclerotic process, precipitating more diffuse disease (4,5), increased rates of plaque ulceration and thrombosis (6), and a doubling of the five-year mortality rate when compared with nondiabetic CAD patients. 

Several clinical assessments have identified additional characteristics that may be used to identify patients at increased risk for AmB nephrotoxicity such as abnormal baseline renal function, dehydration, older age [10, 20], diuretic use, pre-existing atherosclerosis, diabetes and heart failure [25]. 

Oxidation of cellular components by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals is involved in a variety of serious acute and chronic diseases inflammation [56], ischemia-reperfusion damage [57,58], limg disease [59], kidney damage [60], atherosclerosis, diabetes, allergies, cancer and aging [61]. 

Local and systematic factors may play a role in the wound healing response to biomaterials or implants. Local factors include the site (tissue or organ) of implantation, the adequacy of blood supply, and the potential for infection. Systematic factors may include nutrition, hematologic derangements, gluco-cortical steroids, and preexisting disease such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and infection. 

The development of liver X receptor agonists has been an area of interest for over a decade, given the critical role of those receptors in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, innate immunity, and lipogenesis. Potential indications include atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, AD, and cancer [442, 443],... 

Nuclear hormone receptor signaling PPAR, RAR, RXR, Progesterone receptor (PR), Androgen receptor (AR), Estrogen receptor (ER), LXR-a, FXR Lipid metabolism. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, Cancer, Alzheimer s... 

Diabetic nephropathy Generalized atherosclerosis Diabetes without nephropathy... 

There is extensive evidence that accumulation and subsequent oxidative modification of LDL particles in the subendothelial space play a key role in development and progression of atherosclerosis (Lusis 2000 Berliner et al. 1995 Leitinger 2005). Phospholipid oxidation products are found at high concentrations within fatty streak lesions of cholesterol fed rabbits, mice, and in human atherosclerotic lesions (Watson et al. 1997 Berliner et al. 2001 Subbanagounder et al. 2000 Subbanagounder et al. 2000 Huber et al. 2002). Antibodies against OxPL are present in the serum of apoE-deficient mice and the presence of antibodies against OxPL in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic inflammatory diseases further underlines the importance and potential functional relevance of these molecules (Binder et al. 2005). 

Forbes JM, Yee LT, ThaUas V, et al. Advanced glycation end product interventions reduce diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Diabetes 2004 53 1813-1823. 

Hypertension Heart failure Renal failure Atherosclerosis Diabetes... 

Research to determine the benefits of CLA for humans will present a unique challenge in the next few years. It will certainly require the improved and complementary methods of CLA and trans FA analysis to evaluate the biological effects of dietary supplements to determine the true effects of CLA in humans. In some studies the presence of CLA in human bodies and those produced by bacteria in the gut may need to take into consideration. The CLA research to date in humans has focused mainly on the effects of rl0,fl2-18 2 rather than on c9,t 1-18 2, the major CLA isomer present in the milk and meat of ruminants. This would appear to be due to the readily available source of commercial CLA preparations compared to pure c9,tl 1-18 2. Commercial CLA preparations consist of an equal mixture of t 0,c 2-18 2 and c9,rl 1-18 2. On the other hand, the rl0,cl2-18 2 isomer is generally present only in trace amounts in milk fats, while some ruminant fats may contain more of the CLA isomers. The true response, if any, of c9,fl 1-18 2 in humans remains to be determined. Several cohort studies have shown a significant reduction in risk factors associated with the consumption of diets high in dairy products and certain types of cancers but not with others. It remains to be seen if the benefits were due to c9,rl 1-18 2, other components in dairy products, or synergistic processes. Regardless of whether CIA s apparent benefits can be translated to humans, it is likely that CLA, as a model test object, will be used in the future in many more studies related to major maladies such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc. 

Mahley RW (1981) Cellular and molecular biology of lipoprotein metabolism in atherosclerosis. Diabetes 30 [Suppl 2] 60... 

An excessive amount of ROS can interfere with the beneficial effects. Detoxification by cytochrome P450 occurs by release of ROS to oxidize toxic hydrophobic substances (lipid soluble see Chapter 20, Section 20.2) to hydrophilic (water soluble) compounds that can be removed from the body. An excess of ROS may also interfere with this important fimction. Note that these radical intermediates are formed by enzyme mediate chemical reactions and are essential to life, and that they may be related to increased formation of ROS may play an important role in carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, emphysema, cataracts and neurodegenerative diseases. ... 

Vasculogenic (arterial and venogenic) Hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, trauma, Peyronie s disease Impaired veno-occlusion, inadequate arterial inflow... 

CAUSES OF MINERAL DEFICIENCIES AND/OR TOXICITIES. Recently, there has been much speculation as to whether many people in the United States might have sub-clinical deficiencies of certain minerals. It has also been speculated that mild, but chronic, toxicities, due to excesses of certain nutrients, might contribute to the development of such disorders as atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart failure, high blood pressure, and kidney stones. These concerns prompt conjecture that our distant ancestors were also prone to similar diet-related problems. Hence, it is revealing to review certain aspects of man s early existence and to compare dietary factors of the past with those of the present... 

---