ASTM standard wetting tests

The tensile properties of the films, both in the dry and wet state, were performed by a standard Instron testing machine Mod. 4204 at room temperature for wet samples, the tests were carried out in physiological solution. A strain rate of 0.1 min was used for all tests, following the ASTM D-638 protocol. 

Complete instructions and procedures on the use and calibration of testing sieves are contained in ASTM STP447B [7]. Contents include analytical methods, information relating to wire mesh, perforated plate and micromesh sieves, dry and wet testing and other methods. This publication also contains a list of all published ASTM standards on sieve analysis... 

Note of the author The above ASTM procedure indicated (1. Scope) that the test method is not intended for use on wet surfaces. This follows from the definition of the static coefficient of friction according to which the two surfaces should be in direct contact with each other, and nothing, including water, should be between them, on the interface. Therefore, by NBS definition (US National Bureau of Standards, now National Institnte of Standards and Technology), all static friction meters mnst be nsed on dry, clean snrfaces. Formally, static coefficient of friction cannot be determined on a wet deck. That is why the ASTM standard F 1679, described below, and applicable to wet snrfaces, does not mention coefficient of friction, but only slip resistance and slip index. 

Current methods for sampling and analysis are known to be problematic and prone to error. Several wet chemical impinger-based methods have been approved for the determination of total Hg in flue gas. These include US EPA method 29 and lOlA. More recently, diese methods have been modified to enable the speciation of particulate, oxidized, and elemental mercury. The most commonly used procedure is the ASTM Standard Test Method for Elemental, Oxidized, Particle-Bound and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal-Fired Stationary Sources (D 6784-02) known as the Ontario Hydro Method. This method was developed by public consultation with ASTM membership. 

In this chapter, an overview of performance characterization of FRP-wood bonded interfaces by conventional and fracture mechanics tests [4- 7] is presented. Modified ASTM standard tests (ASTM D2559 and D905) are first used to study the service performance and shear strength of the bond under moisture and/or mechanical loads, and then a contoured or tapered double cantilever beam specimen [8] is used to evaluate the fracture toughness of bonded interfaces under dry and wet conditions and cyclic loading. 

ASTM D96 (Discontinued Test Method) Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the... 

Pulsed Laser Phosphorimetry. This is the basis for an ASTM standard test method for measurement of total uranium in water following wet ashing when impurities or suspended materials are present (D5174 2013). 

With respect to chlorides (Cl ), the most widely used procedure is the chloride candle, a gauze wick in a flask of reagent water. The candles tire exposed for a fixed period of time, usually 30 days, then removed. After leaching the exposed gauze into the flask water, the total chlorides are determined analytically, and reported as chloride deposition per unit of exposed area per unit of time (mg/m /day). This method is described in ASTM G 140, Test Method for Determining Atmospheric Chloride Deposition Rate by Wet Candle Method. The other method more recently introduced uses a dry fabric panel, which is also exposed for a predetermined length of time, usually 30 days. Then the chlorides are washed out of the fabric and analyzed. Both procedures are currently described in ISO Standard 9225 however, the dry plate method has been found to produce inconsistent results, and probably will be dropped from the ISO document at its next revision. 

Standard Practice for Measurement of Time-of-Wetness on Surfaces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as in Atmospheric Corrosion Testing. Aimual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, Pa. American Society for Testing of Materials. 1999 03(02) G84-89. 

Several ASTM standards give methods of pavement testing and methods of result calculation. A British pendulum tester is used to measure surface frictional properties. The pendulum slider is positioned in contact with the tested surface which was previously thoroughly cleaned and wetted. A rubber slider gliding on the surface causes a swing of the drag point, which increases with surface fiic-... 

ASTM Test Method D811, Chemical Analysis for Metals in New and Used Lubricating Oils, is a standard wet chemical analysis method for aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, sodium, tin, and zinc. The procedure involves a series of chemical separations with specific elemental analysis performed using appropriate gravimetric or volumetric analyses. The method is very labor-intensive and is used primarily as a referee method or to calibrate standards for instrumental methods. 

Tensile strength was drtermined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Model 4502, Instron Corporation, Canton, MA) with a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. Specimens were tested in a dry state for the control samples following the ASTM standard procedure and the wet state for the rest of the samples. 

Odor. Det odor in accordance with ASTM D1296. In this test strips of filter paper are dipped into specimen and reference standards, and odor comparisons are made of characteristic odor when the strips are wet, and residual odor remaining after the strips appear dry. If an odor persists on the sample paper after the point in time when no odor is detectable on the standard paper, the odor is reported as residual ... 

Phosphorus is a common component of additives and appears most commonly as a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate or triaryl phosphate ester, but other forms also occur. Two wet chemical methods are available, one of which (ASTM D1091) describes an oxidation procedure that converts phosphorus to aqueous orthophosphate anion. This is then determined by mass as magnesium pyrophosphate or photochemically as molybdivanadophosphoric acid. In an alternative test (ASTM D4047), samples are oxidized to phosphate with zinc oxide, dissolved in acid, precipitated as quinoline phosphomolybdate, treated with excess standard alkali, and back-titrated with standard acid. Both of these methods are used primarily for referee samples. Phosphorus is most commonly determined using x-ray fluorescence (ASTM D4927) or ICP (ASTM D4951). 

ASTM D-6414. Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues by Acid Extraction or Wet Oxidation/Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption. 

The wetting angle can be measured using simple techniques such as a projector, as shown schematically in Fig. 2.54. This technique, originally developed by Zisman [73], can be used in the ASTM D2578 standard test. Here, droplets of known surface tension, at are applied to a film. The measured values of cos are plotted as a function of surface tension, at, as shown in Fig. 2.55, and extrapolated to find the critical surface tension, ac, required for wetting. 

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