Physiological solutions

Ogundele and White carried out a series of polarisation studies on surgical grade stainless steels in Hanks s physiological solution. Under... 

Ogundele, G. I. and White, W. E., Polarization Studies on Surgical-Grade Stainless Steels in Hanks Physiological Solution , in Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, second symposium, (Eds) A. C. Fraker and C. D. Griffin, 117-135 ASTM Publication STP 859, Philadelphia (1985)... 

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilizes similar principles as hemodialysis in that blood is exposed to a semipermeable membrane against which a physiologic solution is placed. In the case of PD, however, the semipermeable membrane is the peritoneal membrane, and a sterile dialysate is instilled into the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneal membrane is composed of a continuous single layer of mesothelial cells that covers the abdominal and pelvic walls on one side of the peritoneal cavity, and the visceral organs, including the GI tract, liver, spleen, and diaphragm on the other side. The mesothelial cells are covered by microvilli that increase the surface area of the peritoneal membrane to approximate body surface area (1 to 2 m2). 

Kuloglu ES, McCaslin DR, Markley JL, Volkman BF. Structural rearrangement of human lymphotactin, a C chemokine, under physiological solution conditions. J Biol Chem 2002 277 17863-70. 

Figure 7.7 shows the calculated ratio / of the average concentration for cations and anions within the intermolecular spaces before hybridization and after hybridization . The ratio / is plotted as a function of the DNA cell radius Rs and for 1 1 salt solutions of different bulk-ion concentrations of n() = 0.005, 0.15 (physiological solution) and 0.5 M, respectively. The fraction of both the ssDNA and dsDNA charge compensated by the condensed cations was taken as 0 = 0.8. Two effects can be recognized from Fig. 7.7 ... 

The replacement of PBS, or a 0.9% saline solution,by mannitol or sorbitol, of the same osmolarity as is the physiological solution, in order to minimize the charge screening of the polymer complex represents another possible direction to increase the strength of the complex. Matthew et al. [17] have applied a mannitol solution for the encapsulation of hepatocytes, showing that the mixture of CMC and chondroitin sulfate C formed a stable complex with chitosan in the absence of salts. 

The capacity of furoxan derivatives to behave as NO-donors was first demonstrated by Feelisch et al. [19], who showed that furoxan derivatives produce nitric oxide when dissolved in physiological solution in the presence of thiols. Among the reaction products, they isolated nitrite and, in lesser amounts, nitrate, which are the final oxidation products of nitric oxide in aerobic water solution, as well as dioxime derivatives, which are the reduction products of the furoxans. They also evidenced a marked p H -dependent production of S-nitrosothiols. Working with N, AF-diisopropylfuroxan-3,4-dicarboxamide (29, Ipramidil) and an excess of glutathione (GSH), the amount of S-nitrosoglutathione formed increased with increasing pH until pH 9, above which it... 

The technique consists of a microdialysis probe, a thin hollow tube made of a semi-permeable membrane usually around 200-500 /xm in diameter, which is implanted into the skin and perfused with a receiver solution that recovers the unbound permeant from the local area. In principle, the driving force of dialysis is the concentration gradient existing between two compartments separated by a semi-permeable membrane. For skin under in vivo conditions, these compartments represent the dermal or subcutaneous extracellular fluid (depending on the probe position) and an artificial physiological solution inside the probe [36-38],... 

In both procedures purification of the nanoparticles was carried out either by means of filtration of the suspension over a 0.2 pm cellulose acetate filter or by Eppendorf centrifuging for 15 min followed by resuspension in water up to a final suspension of the nanoparticles in PBS buffer (pH 7.2) or in physiological solution. Nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent marker... 

The prepared nanoparticles can be stored in lyophilized form and resuspended in physiological solutions prior to administration. The procedure developed on the laboratory scale has been found amenable to scale-up productions. 

The tensile properties of the films, both in the dry and wet state, were performed by a standard Instron testing machine Mod. 4204 at room temperature for wet samples, the tests were carried out in physiological solution. A strain rate of 0.1 min was used for all tests, following the ASTM D-638 protocol. 

The tension or osmotic pressure of a solution also, ionic strength, usually measured as weight percentage. Often the tonicity of a solution is presented as relative to some physiological solution (e.g., blood plasma). See Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Isotonic Buffers... 

C. Robinson, K. Yamamoto, S.D. Connell, J. Kirkham, H. Nakagaki, A.D. Smith, The effect of fluoride on the nanostructure and surface pK of enamel crystals An atomic force microscopy study of human and rat enamel, Eur. J. Oral Sci. 114 (2006) 99-104. E.D. Eanes, A.W. Mailer, The effect of fluoride on the size and morphology of apatite crystals grown from physiological solutions, Calcif. Tissue Int. 63 (1998) 250-257. 

More recently, a variety of other methods has been developed to describe the electronic distribution properties of drug molecules. The electron distribution in a molecule can be estimated or determined by experimental methods such as dipole-moment measurements, NMR methods, or X-ray diffraction. The latter method provides very accurate electron-density maps, but only of molecules in the solid state it cannot be used to provide maps of the nonequilibrium conformers of a molecule in a physiological solution. 

The control (physiological solution) fine, robust crystals, mainly of the regular shape, crystal background was absent. 

This review will focus on three main reactions of dilute nitric oxide in physiological solutions. The first reaction is the binding of nitric oxide to ferrous heme iron of guanylate cyclase or other proteins, which is important for the activation of signal transduction pathways. 

While rinsing with water will cool deep into the tissue of a thermal bum, rinsing the tissue with water or physiological solution very quickly removes the product but only from the eye surface. Contrary to generally accepted ideas, and as demonstrated by Laux as early as 1965, Josset in 1986 and, more recently, Schrage... 

The capability to extract the chemicals is essential for effective rinsing. The hypotoiudty of water or isotoincity of physiological solution makes these methods contrapro-... 

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