Deposition chloride

Condenser leaks. Fouling, deposition Chloride depassivation and pitting corrosion of FW lines and boiler... 

The principal sources of dissolved chloride in the more saline fluids of sedimentary basins include dissolved chloride buried at the time of sediment deposition, chloride derived by refluxing of subaerially evaporated surface brines, chloride derived from subsurface mineral dissolution, principally halite, and marine aerosols. The Cl-Br systematics of sedimentary brines provide useful constraints on interpreting the origin of chloride in these waters (Carpenter, 1978 Kharaka et al., 1987 Kesler et al., 1996). 

EDTA buffer with pH 4. The nucleation potential was taken at —0.7 V (SCE) (duration 1 or 2 s) and the deposition potential was in the -0.20-0-V region. Eor silver deposition, chloride ions and an AgCl electrode should be excluded to avoid precipitation of AgCl. 

Three main criteria were used the duration of exposure to humidity, the sulphur dioxide concentration and the amount of deposited chloride. Dust and corrosion products, which... 

CH2 CCl2- Colourless liquid, b.p. 32°C, manufactured by the dehydrochlorination of trichloroethane. In the presence of light and air, it decomposes with the evolution of HCI, phosgene, and methanal and deposition of some polyvinylidene chloride. Consequently it must be stored away from light and in the presence of dissolved inhibitors (such as phenols and amines). Under the influence of... 

During production sodium chloride can deposit in layers on tubing walls after partial vaporization of the water due to the pressure drop between bottomhole and wellhead when these deposits become important large enough, the diameter of the well tubing is reduced. 

Most solid surfaces are marred by small cracks, and it appears clear that it is often because of the presence of such surface imperfections that observed tensile strengths fall below the theoretical ones. For sodium chloride, the theoretical tensile strength is about 200 kg/mm [136], while that calculated from the work of cohesion would be 40 kg/mm [137], and actual breaking stresses are a hundreth or a thousandth of this, depending on the surface condition and crystal size. Coating the salt crystals with a saturated solution, causing surface deposition of small crystals to occur, resulted in a much lower tensile strength but not if the solution contained some urea. 

Figure C2.10.5. Magnitude of the Fourier transfonn of tire /c-weighted absorjDtion fine stmcture k (/c) measured at tire Cu K edge for tire underiDotential deposition of Cu/Au(l 11) from 0.1 M KCIO +IO M HCIO +S x 10 M Cu (010 )2+10 M potassium salt of sulfate, chloride, bromide and a mixture of sulfate and chloride, for polarization of tire x-rays parallel to tire sample surface ( ) or parallel to tire surface nonnal (E (from [81]).

This chloride is prepared by dissolving tin in concentrated hydrochloric acid on cooling, the solution deposits crystals of hydrated tin(II) chloride. SnClj. 2H2O ("tin salt ). The anhydrous chloride is prepared by heating tin in a current of hydrogen chloride ... 

All the silver halides are sensitive to light, decomposing eventually to silver. In sunlight, silver chloride turns first violet and finally black. The use of these compounds in photography depends on this (see below). (All silver salts are, in fact, photosensitive—the neck of a silver nitrate bottle is black owing to a deposit of silver.)... 

The aqueous solution has a low conductivity, indicating that mercury(II) chloride dissolves essentially as molecules Cl—Hg—Cl and these linear molecules are found in the solid and vapour. A solution of mercury(II) chloride is readily reduced, for example by tin(ll) chloride, to give first white insoluble mercury(I) chloride and then a black metallic deposit of mercury, The complexes formed from mercury(II) chloride are considered below. 

The oxime is freely soluble in water and in most organic liquids. Recrystallise the crude dry product from a minimum of 60-80 petrol or (less suitably) cyclohexane for this purpose first determine approximately, by means of a small-scale test-tube experiment, the minimum proportion of the hot solvent required to dissolve the oxime from about 0-5 g. of the crude material. Then place the bulk of the crude product in a small (100 ml.) round-bottomed or conical flask fitted with a reflux water-condenser, add the required amount of the solvent and boil the mixture on a water-bath. Then turn out the gas, and quickly filter the hot mixture through a fluted filter-paper into a conical flask the sodium chloride remains on the filter, whilst the filtrate on cooling in ice-water deposits the acetoxime as colourless crystals. These, when filtered anddried (either by pressing between drying-paper or by placing in an atmospheric desiccator) have m.p. 60 . Acetoxime sublimes rather readily when exposed to the air, and rapidly when warmed or when placed in a vacuum. Hence the necessity for an atmospheric desiccator for drying purposes. 

Add in turn benzyl chloride (8 3 g., 8 o ml.) and powdered thiourea (5 gm.) to 10 ml. of 95% ethanol in a 100 ml. flask fitted with a reflux condenser. Warm the mixture on the water-bath with gentle shaking until the reaction occurs and the effervescence subsides then boil the mixture under reflux for 30 minutes. Cool the clear solution in ice-water, filter off the crystalline deposit of the benzylthiouronium chloride at the pump, wash it with ice-cold ethyl acetate, and dry in a desiccator. Yield, 11-12 g., m.p. 170-174°. The white product is sufficiently pure for use as a reagent. It is very soluble in cold water and ethanol, but can be recrystallised by adding ethanol dropwise to a boiling suspension in ethyl acetate or acetone until a clear solution is just obtained, and then rapidly cooling. 

Amides (except urea and thiourea), imides and nitriles, after the above alkaline hydrolysis, give derivatives similarly to those from the alkaline solution obtained from ammonium salts (p. 360). (A) If the original compound is aromatic, acidification of the cold solution deposits the crystalline acid. (B) The cold solution, when carefully neutralised (p. 332) and treated with benzylthiuronium chloride, deposits the thiuromum salt. 

From acid chlorides by selective hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst (palladium deposited upon a carrier, which is usually barium sulphate but is... 

Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white. 

The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. 

A mixture of 0.30 mol of the tertiairy acetylenic alcohol, 0.35 mol of acetyl chloride (freshly distilled) and 0.35 mol of /V/V-diethylaniline was gradually heated with manual swirling. At 40-50°C an exothermic reaction started and the temperature rose in a few minutes to 120°C. It was kept at that level by occasional cooling. After the exothermic reaction had subsided, the mixture was heated for an additional 10 min at 125-130°C, during which the mixture was swirled by hand so that the salt that had been deposited on the glass wall was redissolved. After cooling to below 50°C a mixture of 5 ml of 36% HCl and 200 ml of ice-water was added and the obtained solution was extracted with small portions of diethyl ether. The ethereal solutions were washed with water and subsequently dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed by evaporation in a water-pump vacuum... 

Acid chlorides Acid coupling Acid deposition... 

Brine Preparation. Sodium chloride solutions are occasionally available naturally but they are more often obtained by solution mining of salt deposits. Raw, near-saturated brines containing low concentrations of impurities such as magnesium and calcium salts, are purified to prevent scaling of processing equipment and contamination of the product. Some brines also contain significant amounts of sulfates (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). Brine is usually purified by a lime—soda treatment where the magnesium is precipitated with milk of lime (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium precipitated with soda ash. After separation from the precipitated impurities, the brine is sent to the ammonia absorbers. 

Potassium Nitrate. Potassium nitrate, known but Httle used as a fertilizer for many years, may be reclaimed as a by-product of the production of sodium nitrate from natural deposits of caflche in Chile. KNO also has been produced by the double decomposition reaction between sodium nitrate and potassium chloride ... 

An electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) technique has been developed that produces thin layers of refractory oxides that are suitable for the electrolyte and cell interconnection in SOFCs (9). In this technique, the appropriate metal chloride (MeCl ) vapor is introduced on one side of a porous support tube, and H2/H2O gas is introduced on the other side. The gas environments on both sides of the support tube act to form two galvanic couples, ie. 

Purification. Extraction from aluminum or 2inc ores produces cmde galHum metal or concentrates. These concentrates are transformed to sodium gallate, galHum chloride, or galHum sulfate solutions which are purified, then electroly2ed. GalHum is deposited as a Hquid. 

The purification of the galHum salt solutions is carried out by solvent extraction and/or by ion exchange. The most effective extractants are dialkyl-phosphates in sulfate medium and ethers, ketones (qv), alcohols, and trialkyl-phosphates in chloride medium. Electrorefining, ie, anodic dissolution and simultaneous cathodic deposition, is also used to purify metallic galHum. 

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