Ash component

In the cases of phenyl benzyl ether and phenyl 9-phenanthryl ether, the effect of ash components was not so remarkable. 

Further studies on the effect of ash components are under investigation. 

Oil refinery waste sludge (65-95% water) 40 ft high 20 ft ID at base increasing to 26 ft at top 1330TF 31 x 103 lb/hr of sludge Start-up material was silica sand replaced by nodules of various ash components such asCaS04, Na, Ca, Mg silicates, Al203 after operation of incinerator. 

Increased problems of deposit formation and corrosion are encountered in industrial gas turbines such as those used in electric power generation and locomotives. Here, residual fuel oil must be used for economic reasons. Ash may deposit and tend to choke the gas turbine, thereby reducing volumetric efficiency. Moreover, vanadium and sodium, two common ash components, cause severe corrosion of super alloys at the high temperatures prevailing in gas turbines. Sulfur content is also significant, because the metal sulfates that form are much lower in melting point than the corresponding oxides and thereby contribute to deposit formation (17). 

Table VII shows the distribution of total coal ash and the coal ash components, silica and alumina, in the products of two runs at 983°C.

Table VIII shows the distribution of the ash components, iron, calcium, and magnesium in the products of the same two runs as in Table VII. Again, it is apparent that most of these ash components were removed from the melt and that they were either trapped in the combustor bed solids or collected at the cyclone.

When biomass is co-fired with coal (even in small percentages), the alkali metals in biomass ash can alter the properties of the resulting mixed ash. This could have a significant impact on the coal plant s operating and maintenance costs or even operability. The addition of biomass to a coal-fired power plant can also nullify ash sales contracts for coal flyash. Biomass ash components in feedstocks may also reduce the long-term efficiency and effectiveness of certain (selective catalytic reduction, SCR) systems for the selective catalytic reduction ofNOx. 

Molasses Exhaustion. Molasses contains a significant amount of sucrose and its maximum exhaustibility (removal of sucrose) has always been a priority for the sugar industry. Well-exhausted cane molasses contains about 33-35 percent sucrose. Many factors contribute to poorly exhausted molasses, besides inefficiency of process, and these include the impurities present in the cane juice. Many of these impurities, such as polysaccharides, ash components, and organic acids are melassigenic (i.e., they increase the solubility of sucrose), making sucrose more difficult to crystallize, and therefore going preferentially into the molasses.41... 

Manganese is a nutritionally important trace element for chicks. Dietary energy and protein sources contain very little bioavailable Mn, and these feed ingredients reduce the biopotency of inorganic Mn supplements. This adverse effect is exerted primarily in the intestine as a result of reduced Mn absorption and is mediated by the fiber and/or ash components of the feedstuffs. Gut absorption efficiencies are higher when a phytate-and fiber-free casein-dextrose diet is fed than when a corn-soybean meal diet is fed. Dietary interrelationships exist between Mn and Co and between Mn and Fe. Cobalt increases Mn absorption and may precipitate Mn toxicosis. Excess dietary Mn reduces Fe utilization, but excess Fe does not affect Mn utilization. Eimeria acervulina infection increases Mn absorption. 

Phytate has been studied extensively with regard to mineral (mostly Zn and Ca) status of animals, and it has been shown to reduce whole-body Mn retention in rats (12). Phytate, however, is not present in the neutral detergent fiber or in the ash component of feedstuffs. Therefore, phytate does not appear to be responsible for the reduction of Mn uptake in chicks fed corn, soybean meal, wheat bran or fish meal (9). That phytate negatively impacts Mn nutriture also disagrees with the research of Reinhold et aK (13), who reported that fiber, and not phytate, was the pTTmary factor determining bioavailability of divalent mineral elements in breads. 

However, other parameters can also play a significant role in setting core plasma conductivity levels and limits on generator efficiency. In coal-fired systems, one phenomenon which has received considerable study is the effect of electron attachment by gas-phase molecules formed from ash components on plasma conductivities. 

The composition depends on the manufacturing process, the raw material, and the chemical aftertreatment. The ash content of most furnace blacks is <1 wt.%. The ash components can result from the raw material, the salts that are injected to control the structure, and the salts of the process water. The ash content of gas blacks is less than 0.02%. 

Cokes of the lithotypes 4, 5, 9, 11, 13 and 15 with similar gasification behaviours have a comparatively homogeneous distribution of all ash components (Fig. 16). 

All carbons used in this research were pretreated to remove fines by sonication (Bransonic 220, Branson Cleaning Equipment) for 30 seconds followed by a rinse with Type I reagent-grade water (Millipore Corp). Coal-based carbons were then extracted with 2-N HCl in a soxhlet extractor for 42 hours to remove ash components and alkaline impurities. After extraction, the sample was boiled for four hours, then exhaustively rinsed until the pH of the suspension was in the range 5 to 6. All carbon samples were dried at 100 °C under vacuum, and stored in a vacuum desiccator. 

Model NOM included polymaleic acid (PMA), a fiilvic acid surrogate natural humic (LaHA) and fiilvic acids (LaFA) extracted from Laurentian soil and Aldrich humic acid (AHA) purified to remove ash components. Physicochemical characteristics of these compounds have been reported in one of our previous publications [23]. Surface water samples were collected from the Edisto River, Charleston, S.C the Intercoastal Waterway, Myrtle Beach, S.C. and the Tomhannock Reservoir, Troy, NY. Physicochemical characteristics of these compounds have been reported previously [20]. 

Start-up material was silica sand replaced by nodules of various ash components such as CaSOg. Na, Ca, Mg silicates, AlgOg after operation of incinerator. 

The ash analysis presented in Table 2 shows very similar values for the potassium content of both woods, but there is some variation regarding other ash components. It cannot be known from the experiments whether the differences in the reactivity profiles are due to these other ash components or to a different porosity evolution as the conversion proceeds. 

Figure 3. SEM Back scatter electron micrograph of a willow ash/sand sample heated at 900 °C for 6 hours. Dark areas are pores, middle grey are sand grains and light grey rims and small clusters are the ash components. Only part of the ash has molten and a segregation has occurred.

Investigations on the behaviour of volatile and ash components have been carried out. The solid pyrolysis residues of several fuels have been analysed for their main ash composition and their devolatilisation. Increasing reaction temperatures result in a higher devolatilisation for all fuels. E g. straw shows a devolatilisation of approx. 80 above 600 °C pyrolysis temperature. But already at low pyrolysis tenqreratures of 400 °C a rather high devolatilisation of about 70 % can be reached. Other biofuel show a similar behaviour on ash and water free basis. Focusing the devolatilisation efficiency high temperatures in the pyrolysis process give best results, but also pyrolysis at low temperatures yields in sufficient devolatilisation rates. 

The purpose of this paper is to present and support the argument that abundance estimates of the minerals in coal based upon x-ray diffraction (XRD) data can only be considered semi-quantitative with expected errors of determination of 10 percent or more of the reported values. The compositional and physical characteristics of the low temperature ash components of coal relative to the preparation and mounting of ash for XRD analysis also affect the precision of analyses. 

The strategy was first to select possible additives, then locate phase diagrams for systems of major ash components plus additives, and finally, select low-melting eutectic... 

Regression analyses of ash oxide analyses converted with this relationship did not result in a useful correlation when the weight percentages of ash components were applied exclusively. Realistic dependencies could be found when an iron oxide parameter T Fe was introduced in combination with the influence of the fuel sulfur the sulfur influence decreased at high sulfur concentrations. There is a statistical relationship for a slagging tendency called fg which refers to a predicate interval of... 

Since the completion of this project other processes utilizing carbon dioxide and water benefication have been developed (12). Specifically, in this work liquid carbon dioxide near the critical point is used to coalesce the coal and leave behind ash components. The coal feed is a water slurry in this project. The coal is cleaned by the characteristics of two Immiscible phases in sharp contrast to the miscible carbon dioxide water treatments described in this paper. 

Over 450 million gal/year of petroleum oil are consumed in the United States for producing carbon black, an amor-phous form of carbon used principally in automotive tires. Broadly, the process consists of completely burning a fuel with air, injecting the atomized feedstock oil into the hot products of combustion, and recovering the carbon black by filtration. Reactor configuration and dimensions, residence time, and temperature are the critical factors. Oil feedstock is characterized by high degree of aromaticity and low ash components, particularly, sodium, potassium, lithium, iron, and copper. 

Basically the oil must be highly aromatic and relatively free of impurities, such as sulfur, BS W, asphaltenes, sodium, potassium, and other ash components. 

The reagent stream must be controlled to permit calcium salt desupersaturation external to the scrubber and absorber while maintaining adequate concentration levels for good absorption efficiency. In order to do this a reagent stream containing 8-15% solids is circulated. The solid portion is composed of some fly ash components but mainly calcium carbonate, sulfite, and sulfate. Sulfur dioxide removal efficiency dictates the carbonate level. Sulfite crystals enhance and control desupersaturation of calcium sulfate while providing nucleation sites for crystal growth... 

If the species and quantities of the components of the natural material before and after the calorimetric measurement are known sufficiently well, the calorific value Qp allows to determine an apparently standard enthalpy of formation at T = 298.15 K and p = 1 bar to be assigned to the natural material. Chemical analysis usually determines the fuel components (C, H, N, O, S) as elements, the ash components as oxides, and the heavy metals as elements. 

If the contributions from ash-forming reactions to the total reaction enthalpy are relatively low, only the combustion of volatile fuel components can be considered for the enthalpy balance calculations. This is the case when the ash components are contained in... 

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