Crystallization enhancement

Structure and Crystallinity. The mechanical—optical properties of polycarbonates are those common to amorphous polymers. The polymer may be crystallized to some degree by prolonged heating at elevated temperature (8 d at 180°C) (16), or by immersion ia acetone (qv). Powdered amorphous powder appears to dissolve partially ia acetone, initially becoming sticky, then hardening and becoming much less soluble as it crystallizes. Enhanced crystallization of polycarbonate can also be caused by the presence of sodium phenoxide end groups (17). 

The tendency of polychloroprene to crystallize enhances its value as an adhesive (97). The cured or uncured polymer can crystallize on stretching thereby increasing the strength of gum vulcaniza tes. Elastomers that caimot crystallize have poor gum vulcaniza te properties (98). 

Mortensen, N. A. Xiao, S. Pedersen, J., Liquid infiltrated photonic crystals Enhanced light matter interactions for lab on a chip applications, Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2008, 4, 117 127... 

As a result, several schemes including cavity-enhanced Raman [6], photonic crystal-enhanced Raman [7], surface-enhanced Raman [8], etc., have been put forward in an attempt to increase the electromagnetic field strength for excitation. Among them, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), by far, is one of... 

Yamamoto, T., Hasegawa, M. Kanazawa, A., Shiono, X, and Ikeda, T. Phase-type gratings formed by photochemical phase transition of polymer azobenzene liquid crystals Enhancement of diffraction efficiency by spatial modulation of molecular alignment. ]. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, pp. 9873-9878. 

The reagent stream must be controlled to permit calcium salt desupersaturation external to the scrubber and absorber while maintaining adequate concentration levels for good absorption efficiency. In order to do this a reagent stream containing 8-15% solids is circulated. The solid portion is composed of some fly ash components but mainly calcium carbonate, sulfite, and sulfate. Sulfur dioxide removal efficiency dictates the carbonate level. Sulfite crystals enhance and control desupersaturation of calcium sulfate while providing nucleation sites for crystal growth... 

Yamamoto, T. Hasegawa, M Kanazawa, A. Shiono, T. Ikeda, T. (1999). Phase-Type Gratings Formed by Photochemical Phase Transition of Polymer Azobenzene Liquid Crystals Enhancement of Diffraction Efficiency by Sjjatial Modulation of Molecular Alignment. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999,103,9873-9878. 

Strain-crystallization enhances crack growth resistance. In the absence of strain-crystallization, the crack growth resistance increases with the increasing order... 

The beneficial effects of sulfur + gold sensitisation can be best understood in the context of the loss processes which exist in unsensitised material. The two most important loss processes are (a) recombination and (b) image dispersity. The recombination of the primary photoproducts, electrons and positive holes, which competes with the formation of latent image Ag clusters, is most likely to occur at either very high or very low light intensities. At high intensities, the high concentration of holes and electrons within a crystal enhances the probability of second order encounters. At low intensities, the electrons will spend more of their time in... 

Fig. 1. CRYSTAL enhancements the testing workflow (a) and the bricks implementing the tool chain (b)...

It is only to be expected that some nonequilibrium detector stmctures have their analogs in semiconductor lasers. Exclusion detectors correspond to single-hetero-lasers, extraction devices to double-heterolasers, and magnetoconcentration detectors to lasers with the magnetoelectric photoeffect proposed by Marimoto et al. [331]. This inverse analogy is valid not only in electrical, but also in optical field, where e.g., resonant cavity (RCE) detector structures are connected with VCSEL lasers, and lasers with a PBG cavity with PCE (photonic crystal-enhanced) detectors. 

The second equihbrium group encompasses strucmres for increase in the optical path of the beam which already entered the active area of the detector, the so-called light trapping structures. These structures simultaneously increase radiative lifetime through the mechanism of reabsorption—photon recycling. They include different surface rehef stmctures for the increase in total internal reflection, from diflractive to macroscopic ones. Reflective detector surfaces also belong to this group, both the back-side ones and fuU resonant cavities (RCE—resonant cavity enhancement) with reflective surfaces both of the front and the back side of the detector. The most advanced stmctures for optical path and radiative time increase are radiative shields and photonic crystal enhancement stmcmres, which represent a fuU cavity enhancement and may support the existence of multiple modes. 

Yanai N, Kitayama K, Hijikata Y, Sato H, Matsuda R, Kubota Y, Takata M, Mizuno M, Uemura T, Kitagawa S (2011) Gas detection by structural variations of fluorescent guest molecules in a flexible porous coordination polymer. Nat Mater 10 787-793 Hirai K, Furukawa S, Kondo M, Meilikhov M, Sakata Y, Sakata O, Kitagawa S (2012) Targeted functionalisation of a hierarchically-structured porous coordination polymer crystal enhances its entire function. Chem Commun 48 6472-6474... 

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