Carbon dioxide utilization

As shown in Table 9.2, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by approximately 1.5 ppm (8 billion tons) per year during the period from 1975 to 2002. Very recently, however, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased much more rapidly, by 2.25 ppm (12 billion tons) per year. 

The second event was the Fukushima earthquake and tsunami, which forced the decommissioning of four nuclear power stations and halted the operation of almost all 50 other stations in Japan in mid-2012 because of a campaign against nuclear power plants and other antinuclear demonstrations around the world. Therefore, we are forced to depend more on thermal power generation through coal burning, which emits the most CO2 of any method of electric power production. The production of CO2 is expected to increase in the future. 

CO2 is a highly stable compound, because it is highly oxidized and thermodynamically stable. Its utilization generally requires reactive compounds and highly reactive catalysts. However, due to the electron deficiency of the carbonyl carbon, CO2 has a strong affinity toward nucleophiles and electron-donating reagents. 

The chemical produced in the greatest amount through CO2 utilization is urea. According to the international fertilization association, 157 million tons of urea were produced in 2010. Other chemicals produced through CO2 utilization are cyclic carbonates, acyclic carbonates, polyalkylene carbonates, Asahi Kasei polycarbonates, carbamic acid esters, oxazolidinones, polyurethanes, carboxylic acids and esters, lactones, formic acid, and methanol. The amounts of various organic chemicals produced through carbon dioxide utilization throughout the world are shown in Table 9.3 [88]. 

Year (years) Period (ppm) Concentration (ppm) Increase (ppm/year) Increase rate 

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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Kyoto, Japan, September7-11,1997... 

Proceedings of the 4 International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Kyoto, Japan, September 7-11, 1997 edited by T. Inui, M.Anpo,K. lzui,S.Yanagida and T.Yam udii Volume 115 Methods for Monitoring and Diagnosing the Efficiency of Catalytic Converters. 

Volume 153 Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability... 

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization (ICCDU VII), October 12-16, 2003 Seoul, Korea edited by S.-E. Park, J.-S. Chang and K.-W. Lee... 

Enzymatic and Model Carboxylation and Reduction Reactions for Carbon Dioxide Utilization -, Eds. Aresta, M. Schloss, J. V. Kluwer, 1990. 

Carbon Dioxide Utilization Options to Reduce its Accumulation in the Atmosphere... 

Isse, A.A., Gennaro, A., Severin, M.G., and Vianello, E. (1993) Proceedings, International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Bari, Italy,... 

Indirect Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Utilization of Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomass... 

Yang Z-Z, He L-N, Gao J et al (2012) Carbon dioxide utilization with C-N bond formation carbon dioxide capture and subsequent conversion. Energy Environ Sci 5(5) 6602-6639... 

Riduan SN, Zhang Y (2010) Recent developments in carbon dioxide utilization under mild conditions. Dalton Trans 39(14) 3347-3357... 

Omae I (2006) Aspects of carbon dioxide utilization. Catal Today 115(l l) 33-52... 

A. Baiker and R.A. Koppel, Proc. Int. Conf. on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Bari, September 26-30, 1993, pp. 295-302 A. Baiker and R.A. Koppel, 3rd Int. Conf. on Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995. 

Biomass as feedstock to syngas K. Tomishige, M. Asadullah, and K. Kuni-mori, Catalysis Today 2004, 89, 389 M. Rohde, D. Unruh, P. Pias, K-W. Lee, and G. Schaub, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 2004, 153 (Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability), 97. 

For the field-scale projects that have been initiated, calculated optimum CO2 injection volumes ranged from 20 to 50 percent of the hydrocarbon pore volume. Predicted carbon dioxide utilization factors ranged from 5 to 15 Mcf C02/bbl of recovered oil. Projected ultimate enhanced oil recoveries ranged from 5 to 30 percent of the original oil-in-place (Soc. Petrol. Engrs. Forum Series, "Monitoring Performance of Full-Scale CO2 Projects," August 17-21, 1987). 

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