Smelter emissions

Lead compounds are emitted from both the sintering and smelting processes during primary lead production (Chapter 5). Measurements both within the stack and the atmosphere in the vicinity of primary lead smelters indicate emission of lead primarily as PbS04 and Pb0 PbS04. 

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A concern in the application of periodic flow reversal to converting S02 in smelter emissions is the variability of these emissions. Both S02 concentration and gas volume may vary, often irregularly. Like startup, this is a matter that could profit from simulation studies using models discussed in this section. 

Soil and Category of Plants and Animals Direction and Distance of Areas from Smelter Emissions ... 

Proximity to the smokestacks of metal smelters is positively associated with increased levels of lead in the hair (manes) of horses and in tissues of small mammals, and is consistent with the results of soil and vegetation analyses (USEPA 1972). Lead concentrations were comparatively high in the hair of older or chronically impaired horses (USEPA 1972). However, tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected near a zinc smelter did not contain elevated levels of lead (Sileo and Beyer 1985). Among small mammals near a metal smelter, blood ALAD activity was reduced in the white-footed mouse but normal in others, e.g., the short-tailed shrew (Beyer et al. 1985). The interaction effects of lead components in smelter emissions with other components, such as zinc, cadmium, and arsenic, are unresolved (USEPA 1972) and warrant additional research. 

Telmer, K. Bonham-Carter, G.F., Kliza, D.A., Hall, G.E.M. 2003. The atmospheric transport and deposition of smelter emissions evidence from the multi-element geochemistry of snow, Quebec, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 2961-2980. 

Most of the lakes showing improvement were located in the area around Sudbury, Ontario, where smelter emissions declined dramatically, from 2,000,000 tons in 1970 to 265,000 tons by 1994 (Bunce, 1994). 

Kapustka, L.A. Lipton, J. Galbraith, A. Cacela, O. Leyeune, K. Metal and arsenic impacts to soils, vegetation communities and wildlife habitat in southwest Montana uplands contaminated by smelter emissions. 2. Laboratory phytotoxicity studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1995, 14, 1905-1912. 

Volcanic deposits, mining Weathering of geologic materials, hydrothermal, mining smelter emissions Mining... 

Bunce HWF. 1996. Methods of monitoring smelter emission effects on a temperate rain forest. Fluoride 29 241-251. 

A test for proportionality between SO emissions and precipitation sulfate also has been attempted for the West (6). Smelter emissions have dominated SO emissions in the WUS. These emissions... 

Purvis, O. W., Williamson, B., Bartok, K. Zoltani, N. (2000). Bioaccumulation of lead by the lichen Acarospora smaragdula from smelter emissions. New Phytologist, 147, 591-9. 

Of the six heavy metals discussed in this chapter, Pb has been studied extensively with respect to the environmental effects. Clair Patterson, the father of environmental Pb studies, in one of his many major publications concerning the global Pb cycle (Patterson and Settle, 1987), noted that during pre-industrial times Pb in the troposphere originated from soil dusts and volcanic gases. In modern times (1950-1980) the proportion of natural Pb in the atmosphere is overwhelmed by the industrial sources of smelter emissions and automobile exhausts. Lead air pollution levels measured near our Nation s roadways decreased 97% between 1976 and 1995 due to the consequence of the Clean Air Act that eliminated leaded gasoline which interfered with the performance of catalytic converters. 

Some types of nickel or silver ore deposits. Soils and waters affected by smelter emissions, mining wastes and by-products. Some rocks such as black shales, ultramaflc rocks. 

Common rock-forming element. Enriched in many rocks, ores, soils, mine wastes, smelter emissions, etc. Pyrite (an iron sulfide) is a source of readily available iron and occurs in many different rocks and ores. 

Common rock-forming mineral, although most Al-bearing silicates quite insoluble. Potentially soluble Al-hydroxides, hydroxysulfates form in lateric ore deposits, tropical soils, and precipitate in streams affected by acid-rock drainage. Al-rich soluble salts can occur in evaporative lake sediments, and in mine wastes. Potentially reactive forms in cement, concrete, smelter emissions, coal fly ash. 

Enriched in ultramafic rocks and their associated mineral deposits also enriched in many black shales, some phophatic shales. Soils, sediments, and waters affected by mining wastes, smelter emissions, power plants, industrial wastes and by-products. 

Schoof R., ButcherM. K., Sellstone C., Ball R. W., Fricke J. R., Keller V., and Keehn B. (1995) An assessment of lead absorption from soil affected by smelter emissions. Environ. Geochem. Health 17, 189-199. 

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