Odocoileus virginianus

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus-, Texas 1979-80 uranium mining district vs. reference site ... 

Impalas (Aepyceros melampus) found dead in Kruger National Park, South Africa, had elevated concentrations of copper in livers (maximum 444 mg/kg FW) and kidneys (maximum 141 mg/kg FW) authors assert that copper poisoning is the most likely cause of death (Gummow et al. 1991), but this needs verification. Copper concentrations in bones, kidneys, and livers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) near a copper smelter and from distant sites are about the same. However, deer near the smelter have significantly elevated concentrations of cadmium in kidneys and livers, lead in bone, and zinc in kidneys (Storm et al. 1994). 

Proximity to the smokestacks of metal smelters is positively associated with increased levels of lead in the hair (manes) of horses and in tissues of small mammals, and is consistent with the results of soil and vegetation analyses (USEPA 1972). Lead concentrations were comparatively high in the hair of older or chronically impaired horses (USEPA 1972). However, tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected near a zinc smelter did not contain elevated levels of lead (Sileo and Beyer 1985). Among small mammals near a metal smelter, blood ALAD activity was reduced in the white-footed mouse but normal in others, e.g., the short-tailed shrew (Beyer et al. 1985). The interaction effects of lead components in smelter emissions with other components, such as zinc, cadmium, and arsenic, are unresolved (USEPA 1972) and warrant additional research. 

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Near zinc smelter, Pennsylvania Feces Bone Teeth Kidney Liver... 

Table 6 Compounds identified in the urine of male white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, during the breeding season [ 122]a... 

Palatability of plant White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus R protects less-preferred plants better Swiharteta/., 1991... 

Swihart, R. K., Pignatello, J. J., and Mattina, M. J. I. (1991). Aversive responses of whitetailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, to predator urines. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 767-777. 

In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, a number of possible sources of Interference with black cherry growth were eliminated or shown to have minimal effect. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) undoubtedly played a role in the establishment of orchard stands, but they are not responsible for their maintenance. About 30% of the seedlings we marked were clipped, whether or not they were protected with wire cages. The clipping characteristics were those of small mammals, not deer. 

White-taiied deer, Odocoileus virginianus] kidney vs. iiver... 

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