Urinary arsenic

Carcinogens Cancer-producing agents Skin Respiratory Bladder/urinary tract Liver Nasal Bone marrow Coal tar pitch dust crude anthracene dust mineral oil mist arsenic. Asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nickel ore arsenic bis-(chloromethyl) ether mustard gas. p-naphthylamine benzidine 4-am i nodi pheny lam ine. Vinyl chloride monomer. Mustard gas nickel ore. Benzene. 

A case report of acute arsine poisoning in which a 27-y-old man was exposed to arsine during chemical manufacturing was reported by Pinto (1976). The subject was exposed to arsine as a result of arsine production via a reaction between a galvanized bucket and an arsenic-containing sulfuric acid solution. The exposure (duration not specified) produced toxic effects characterized by abdominal cramping, thoracic discomfort, and hematuria. Over the next week, the patient s hematocrit declined from 42.5 to 27.1 and hemoglobin dropped from 14.1 to 9.5 g/dL even with medical intervention (blood transfusions and mannitol diuresis). Nine hours after exposure, blood arsenic was 159 g/dL and urinary arsenic was 1862 ug/L. 

Kleinfeld (1980) reported a case of arsine poisoning in a 31-y-old man. The exposure to arsine occurred from a leaking canister thought to be empty. The exposure duration was estimated to be 1-2 min, but no actual or estimated arsine concentrations were available. The victim presented with hematuria. On hospital admission, no intact erythrocytes were present in the urine, hematocrit was 43%, and hemoglobin was 9.8 g/ dL. The hematocrit dropped to as low as 18%, the correction of which required one unit of packed cells. Based upon the exposure history and the subject s note of a "garlicky" odor, the diagnosis was arsine-induced hemolytic anemia. Urinary arsenic was 7.2 mg/L on admission and 0.1 mg/L 4 d later. The patient was subsequently discharged. 

Landrigan et al. (1982) conducted an epidemiologic survey to evaluate occupational exposure to arsine in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant. Arsine concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 49 /breathing zone samples. A high correlation was found between urinary arsenic concentration and arsine exposure (r=0.84 p=0.0001 for an n of 47). Additionally, arsine levels above 15.6 /ig/m3 (=0.005 ppm) were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations in excess of 50 //g/L. The investigators concluded that exposure to a 200 /ig/m3 arsine exposure standard would not prevent chronic increased absorption of trivalent arsenic. 

Urinary arsenic is routinely evaluated in victims of arsine poisoning. Urine arsenic in unexposed people is <50 figfL (Landrigan et al. 1982). These authors reported that 15.6 fig of arsine/m3 is associated with urinary arsenic of 50 jug/L. Other studies of urinary arsenic levels have also been reported, but the post-exposure time of measurement varies considerably, and there are no corresponding exposure correlates. Urinary arsenic levels in humans poisoned by arsine include 3.08 mg/L (Spolyar and Harger 1950), 1.14 mg/L, and 2.25 mg As/L (Elkins and Fahy 1967) 20 mg/L, 220 mg/L (24 h post-exposure) (Uldall et al. 1970), 130 mg/L, 175 mg/L (Uldall et al. 1970), and 0.43 mg As/L (24 h post-exposure) (De Palma 1969)... 

Hsueh, Y.M., Y.L. Huang, C.C. Huang, W.L. Wu, H.M. Chen, M.H. Yang, L.C. Lue, and C.J. Chen. 1998. Urinary levels of inorganic and organic arsenic metabolites among residents in an arseniasis-hyperendemic area in Taiwan. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 431-444. 

Kurttio, R, H. Komulainen, E. Hakala, and J. Pekkanen. 1998. Urinary excretion of arsenic species after exposure to arsenic present in drinking water. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34 297-305. 

Yoshida, K., Y. Inoue, K. Kuroda, H. Chen, H. Wanibuchi, S. Fukushima, an G. Endo. 1998. Urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after long-term oral administration of various arsenic compounds to rats. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 179-192. 

Do, T. et al., Urinary transforming growth factor-alpha in individuals exposed to arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh, Biomarkers, 6, 127, 2001. 

In the Exposure Factors Handbook, US-EPA (1997) has identified three studies where the daily soil intake for adults has been estimated. In one of these studies, an annual average soil intake of 60.5 mg/day was estimated based on assumptions regarding the amount of soil and dust on the hands, so-called mouthing behavior , and indoor and outdoor activities. In the second study, a daily soil intake of 50 mg/day was estimated based on measurements of urinary arsenic, mouthing behavior , and information about behavior patterns. In the third study, a daily soil intake of 30-100 mg/day was estimated based on tracer element measurements. The latter study was evaluated by the US-EPA as the most reliable one. 

Inhaled arsine is oxidized to form elemental trivalent arsenic (As ) and arsenous oxide (AS2O3), two human carcinogens. Excess cancers from trivalent arsenic and arsenic trioxide have been associated with cumulative lifetime arsenic exposure. Exposure to arsine above 0.004ppm is associated with increased urinary arsenic excretion, indicating exposure to arsenic. Current exposure limits may not prevent potential chronic toxicity. ... 

Oxalis corriculaza L. O. corymbosa DC Sha Jiang Cao (Wood sorrel) (leaf) Oxalate, vitamin C, calcium, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid.50 Antidote to arsenic and mercury, for bruises, clots, diarrhea, fever, influenza, snakebite, urinary infections. 

Walkiw, O. and D. E. Douglas. 1975. Health food supplements prepared from kelp — a source of elevated urinary arsenic. Clin. Toxicol. 8 325-331. 

Buchet, J.P., Lauwerys, R. and Roels, H. (1981a) Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, monomethylarsonate, or dimethylarsinate in man. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 48(1), 71-79. 

Urine is the primary route of elimination for both inorganic As(III) and inorganic As(V) in most common laboratory animals. With the exception of the rat, which exhibits slower overall elimination of arsenic, 50 % or more of a single oral dose of arsenic is usually eliminated in urine within 48 hours. Urine is also the primary route of elimination in species, such as the marmoset, which do not methylate arsenic (Vahter et al., 1982). Comparison of urinary and fecal elimination in mice that have been given the same... 

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