Volume basis

Metallic sodium is priced at about 15 to 20 cents/lb in quantity. Reagent grade (ACS) sodium in January 1990 cost about 35/lb. On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. 

Since we are explicitly interested in the difference in the sizes of solvent and solute molecules, it is more appropriate to express the values of AU on a per unit volume basis rather than on a molar basis. Accordingly, in Eq. (8.41) we replace the total number of sites N by the total volume of the mixture V and write... 

Relative to CO2 on a volume basis. A more useful way to compare the relative warming potentials is to consider the lifetimes of the species and integrate the efficiencies over a fixed time interval, usually 100 years (see Ref. 8). 

Filler particle si2e distribution (psd) and shape affect rheology and loading limits of filled compositions and generally are the primary selection criteria. On a theoretical level the influence of particle si2e is understood by contribution to the total energy of a system (2) which can be expressed on a unit volume basis as ... 

In selecting a flame retardant for a given appHcation, the cost contribution of the flame retardant to the final polymer compound must be taken into account. Assessment of cost should be done on a cost per volume basis rather than a simple cost per weight basis. 

Capacity. Capacity is a measure of the quantity of ions, acid, or base removed (adsorbed) by an ion-exchange material. The quantity removed is direcdy correlated with the number of functional groups. Capacity is reported ia several different ways, but requites further definition because the word by itself does not cover ad situations. Total capacity is a measure of ad the functional groups on a resia and is recorded on a weight as wed as a volume basis. 

Concentration. The basis unit of concentration in chemistry is the mole which is the amount of substance that contains as many entities, eg, atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, protons, etc, as there are atoms in 12 g of ie, Avogadro s number = 6.0221367 x 10. Solution concentrations are expressed on either a weight or volume basis. MolaUty is the concentration of a solution in terms of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Molarity is the concentration of a solution in terms of the number of moles of solute per Hter of solution. 

Particles smaller than 44 p.m (—325 mesh) are called fines 44 p.m is the finest sieve used on a large-volume basis (U.S. Standard). Size determination of fines is described elsewhere (10,11). 

On a volume basis, the most expensive component of flat wall paints is the TiO. Therefore, significant efforts are appHed to reach a standard hiding with the minimum possible level of Ti02. The efficiency of hiding by decreases as the concentration is iacreased above about 10 vol % it... 

FAR or AFR. The composition of a mixture of fuel and air or oxidant is often specified according to the Fuel to Air Ratio (FAR), and can be expressed on a mass, molar, or volume basis. The FAR is normalized to the stoichiometric composition by defining the equivalence ratio ( ) as in equation 1, where = mass of fuel, kg and = mass of oxidizer, kg. 

Titanium-Based Casting and Wrought Alloys. Titanium-based alloys offer an attractive alternative to gold alloys and to the base-metal alloys that contain nickel or chromium. On a volume basis the cost of titanium is roughly comparable to that of the chromium-containing alloys, but the price of titanium tends to be more stable because its ores are abundant and widely distributed (see Titaniumand titanium alloys). 

Processing ndProperties. Neoprene has a variety of uses, both in latex and dry mbber form. The uses of the latex for dipping and coating have already been indicated. The dry mbber can be handled in the usual equipment, ie, mbber mills and Banbury mixers, to prepare various compounds. In addition to its excellent solvent resistance, polychloroprene is also much more resistant to oxidation or ozone attack than natural mbber. It is also more resistant to chemicals and has the additional property of flame resistance from the chlorine atoms. It exhibits good resiUence at room temperature, but has poor low temperature properties (crystallization). An interesting feature is its high density (1.23) resulting from the presence of chlorine in the chain this increases the price on a volume basis. 

In this equation all percentages are on a volume basis. The term XSA refers to the excess air over the stoichiometric requirement. The volumes of the air and gas must be measured at the same temperature and pressure. For consistency, it is best to first convert to actual conditions (i.e., from actual cubic feet (ACF) to standard cubic feet (SCF). The following formula can be used for this conversion ... 

This is used most often in process plants. It is a tough, low-cost material with probably the widest range of chemical resistance of any of the low-cost plastics. On a volume basis, PVC is more favorable than polypropylene because the modulus of PVC is considerably higher than that of polypropylene, so it will form more rigid structures when used at the same thickness. On a weight basis it is not as favorable as PVC because it has a specific gravity of 1.4 compared with 0.92 for polypropylene. 

The change in dissolved solute between inlet and outlet of the vessel is matched by the gain in solid crystal mass. Thus, on a unit volume basis... 

Trace quanUties of substances are very often expressed in parts per million (ppm) or, if Uie amount is even smaller, as parts per billion (ppb). These are usually represented on a volume basis for gases, and Uie following equaUons apply. 

In the lower part of the atmosphere, the water vapor content of the atmosphere varies widely. On a volume basis, the normal range is 1 to 3 percent, though it can vary from as little as 0.1 percent to as much as 5 percent. 

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