Arctic circle

Malaria affects an estimated 270 million people and causes 2—3 million deaths annually, approximately one million of which occur in children under the age of five. While primarily an affliction of the tropics and subtropics, it has occurred as far north as the Arctic Circle. The disease essentially has been eradicated in most temperate-zone countries, but some 1100 cases of malaria in U.S. citizens returning from abroad were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during 1990. Malaria is seen today in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. It is on the increase in Afghanistan, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Escalation of the disease is because of the discontinued use of the insecticide DDT which effectively kills mosquito larvae, but has been found to be toxic to Hvestock and wildlife. Also, chloroquine (6), a reUable dmg for the prophylaxis and treatment of falcipamm malaria, is ineffective in many parts of the world because of the spread of dmg-resistant strains. 

Although estimates of their abundances vary considerably, Pd and Pt (approximately 0.015 and 0.01 ppm respectively) are much rarer than Ni. They are generally associated with the other platinum metals and occur either native in placer (i.e. alluvial) deposits or as sulfides or arsenides in Ni, Cu and Fe sulfide ores. Until the 1820s all platinum metals came from South America, but in 1819 the first of a series of rich placer deposits which were to make Russia the chief source of the metals for the next century, was discovered in the Urals. More recently however, the copper-nickel ores in South Africa and Russia (where the Noril sk-Talnakh deposits are well inside the Arctic Circle) have become the major sources, supplemented by supplies from Sudbury. 

Gas hydrates are an ice-like material which is constituted of methane molecules encaged in a cluster of water molecules and held together by hydrogen bonds. This material occurs in large underground deposits found beneath the ocean floor on continental margins and in places north of the arctic circle such as Siberia. It is estimated that gas hydrate deposits contain twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels on earth. This source, if proven feasible for recovery, could be a future energy as well as chemical source for petrochemicals. 

Suppose two scientists work on the same research project, but one resides in the far north of the Arctic Circle and the other lives near the equator. Even if everything else is the same - such as the air pressure, the source of the chemicals and the manufacturers of the equipment - the difference between the temperatures in the two laboratories will cause their results to differ widely. For example, the room energy RT will differ. One scientist will not be able to repeat the experiments of the other, which is always bad science. 

Standard temperature has the value of 298 K exactly, which equates to just below 25 °C. If both the pressure and the temperature are maintained at these standard conditions, then we say the measurement was performed at standard temperature and pressure , which is universally abbreviated to s.t.p. If the scientists at the equator and the Arctic Circle perform their work in thermostatically controlled rooms, both at s.t.p., then the results of their experiments will be identical. 

Temperate grassland, deciduous forest, and chaparral In the northern hemisphere, temperate land is comprised from 30° N to approximately the Arctic circle. In the southern hemisphere, it is limited to the southernmost parts of Australia and America. Everywhere it is dominated, in decreasing extent, by grassland, deciduous and rain forests, and chaparral (Fig. 6.1). 

The tundra extends fi om the northern border of the taiga to the Arctic circle. It is a treeless groxmd with fi ozen subsoil that only allows mosses and lichens growing abundantly. Typical lichen metabolites are in the orcein-class of dyes (Chart 6.3). 

The Pmdhoe Bay, Alaska, field is discovered some 250 miles above the Arctic Circle the largest U.S. discoverv evermade containing some 10 billion barrels of oil and 26 trillion cubic feet of natural gas,... 

Legumes are found in locations from the tropics to beyond the Arctic Circle and are most frequent and diverse in tropical rain forests and savannahs. They provide major sources of food, fibers, fodder, timber, drugs and many other products, and have done so since ancient times. Seeds of legumes have been found as tomb offerings in the earliest Egyptian and Tigris-Euphrates civilizations and from prehistoric and medieval lake dwelling sites in Europe. 

The literature is replete with studies relating to the microbial susceptibility of plasticizers to both fungi and bacteria, and a recent article, describing work by Soviet scientists, suggests that this particular problem does not stop at national boundaries (4). Indeed, microbial degradation has been reported from the equator to the Arctic Circle, on items ranging from those beneath the sea to those orbiting the earth. 

The nine TIMS dates from this old flowstone from Laphullet, close to the Arctic Circle in north Norway, reveal it to have grown mainly during isotope stage 11. The dates are in perfect stratigraphic order in spite of their ages being close to the limit of the technique. 

Aphid midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza Over 60 species of aphids. Very common, globally distributed, and hardy nearly to the Arctic circle. Especially attracted to aphids in roses, shrubs, and orchard trees. Plant nectar-producing plants shelter garden from strong winds provide water during dry spells. 

Fairbanks may just be the last American frontier town. Things are wild and woolly in the most populated town this close to the Arctic Circle. For natives sloshing in from Alaska s outer regions in June, Fairbanks is the first view of civilization they ve seen since September. Fairbanks also has some of the most dramatic temperature fluctuations on earth, with temperatures ranging from -66°F in the dead of winter to 99°F in summer. 

Iceland may become the world s first hydrogen economy. This island nation in the North Atlantic is the size of Kentucky. It is near the Arctic Circle, but is warmed by the Gulf Stream. Iceland has more of its share of active volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers than any other area of its size in the world. Its 280,000 people are less than 10% of Kentucky s population. Iceland is suited to a hydrogen economy because it has excess renewable energy. 

N, inside the Arctic Circle. Although the temperatures are not as cold as those in Antarctica (at Spitzbergen Island, the winter temperature reaches minus 30-35° C), the site and the samples are considered extremophiles because of the low temperatures and the absence of sunlight for almost six months each year. 

Salt marshes occur over a wide latitudinal range from above the Arctic circle to the tropics (Chapman, 1960). Some occur inland in association with brackish waters, but most are intertidal grasslands found along sea-coasts in relatively protected areas. This work concerns a salt marsh on the Connecticut coast, formed since the last glaciation, during a prolonged period of sea-level rise relative to land. 

Figure 1.5 Annual production of oil from various regions." Deep water oil lying in more than 500 m of water. NGL natural gas liquids, e.g., ethane, propane, butane. Polar oil produced above the Arctic Circle. Heavy oil with an American Petroleum Institute (API) specific gravity > 17.5 °, i.e., viscosity > 10 cP. US-48 all USA except Alaska and Hawaii.

Hippophae 1 Asia, Europe, from Himalayas to Arctic Circle 1... 

Metal pollution transported out of eastern Asia has gained increased attention due to the high concentrations of metals being emitted from this region. Airmass trajectories from Asia result in pollutants being transported across Korea and Japan and into the Arctic Circle above North America (Okuda et al. 2006 Osterberg et al. 2008). They may also be transported to the south-east over Taiwan (Lin et al. 2005) and into the remote central Pacific (Settle and Patterson 1982). Pollution from Asia has also been found to influence the western United States (Jaffe et al. 2003, 2005) and monsoon rainfall over northern Australia (Rotstayn et al. 2007). 

The separation in space principle needs to be used when dealing with requirements and constraints related to the spatial aspects of design. For example, an inventor is working on a concept for a snowmobile to be used behind the Arctic Circle to transport frozen seafood. The traditional thinking about designing commercial vehicles for the Arctic Circle is simple Insulate the entire vehicle as much as possible. In our case, this heuristic is simply inadequate and we need to use the separation in space principle. 

We do not need any insulation around the luggage bay when we transport frozen seafood behind the Arctic Circle, but we need even more insulation around the driver s cabin at such a time. This situation could be described as Insulation must be in place when needed and somewhere else when not. Therefore, we need to design the vehicle in such a way that three panels with heavy foam insulation surround the luggage bay when it is empty, and they automatically move behind the driver s cabin when the bay is full (maybe even under the weight of the very heavy load of frozen seafood). 

Luossavaara Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) is a Swedish mining company that runs two large underground iron ore mines and one open pit mine, located above the Arctic Circle in the... 

---