Tropical zones

Figure 23.8 shows the maximum climatic conditions in different areas of the world. The humid tropical zones have high humidities but the dry bulb rarely exceeds 35°C. The deserts have an arid... 

The EUSES environment is represented as a set of nested scales. The local scale is nested into the regional scale which is nested in the continental scale. The continental scale is nested into the moderate climate zone, which has two adjacent zones, an arctic and a tropic zone, respectively. All the scales are divided into boxes (environmental compartments). The boxes of all scales include at least air, soil, water, and sediment compartments. 

The different types of insecticide formulations used in the USA and Japan are considered to be attributed to the differences in climate and house construction style. That is to say, mosquito coils are suitable to prevent mosquitoes from entering a house from outside in Japan where the weather is hot and humid in summer and the houses are of an open style. These conditions are similar in subtropical and tropical zones, including south-east Asia. 

Vegas-Vilarrubia, T., Maass, M., Rull, V., Elias, V., Ovalle, A. R. C., Lopez, D., Scheider, G, Depetris, P. J., Douglas, I. (1994). Small catchment studies in tropical zone. In B. Moldan and J.Chemy (Eds.). Biogeochemistry of Small Catchments. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 343-360. 

In 1970, studies on allelopathy in the tropical zones were scarce, particularly in Mexico. The contributions of McPherson ( ), Frei and Dodson (4), Quarterman (5), Webb, Tracey and Haydock ( ), Marinero (7), and Gliessman (8) are some important antecedents for the study... 

The production of allelopathic compounds in tropical zones, particularly if they are continuously released into the environment, may contribute to the elimination of secondary species already established and to the selection of those that are beginning to establish in the habitat. 

Rice is one of the oldest food crops. Currently, it does not seem possible to determine the place of domestication, but it probably occurred in India or China. Its cultivation in India, Indochina, China, Indonesia, and East Africa is prehistoric. It is now distributed throughout the tropics and warm parts of temperate regions of the world. The temperate zone varieties were named japonica, and the tropical zone varieties indica. 

Powder for use in a tropical climate requires higher stability than that in a temperate climate. Powder for the navy must also have a high stability, since it may be transported into a tropical zone. 

Same as Fig. 14, but for CFC-11. The cross-over of the 90%-line and the mean tropopause in the tropical zone is due to the fact that no seasonal variation was taken into account. 

Crocodylians, which include crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and their immediate relatives, are poikilothermic quadrupedal reptiles that first evolved in the late Triassic. Today, crocodylians inhabit the subtropical to tropical zones on all continents. Their wide geographic distribution and evolutionary stability make them valuable dating samples (70). 

This is a north temperate family with some distribution in the mountains of the tropical zone. Trees are valued as ornamentals, as lumber, and, in northern North America at least, as the basis for the maple sugar industry (Acer saccharum). Of the species in the family, all but ten are assigned to the genus Acer. 

O. volvulus. This is the causal organism of human onchocerciasis, which is a disease of the skin and eyes. This disease affects between 20 and 40 million people in the world, frequently causing blindness and skin pathology. The tropical zones most affected are Africa, Guatemala and Mexico. A mild form of the disease threatens to spread in tropical South America. The microfilariae circulate in the peripheral blood day and night. Many mosquitoes, such as Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, Aedes, and Simulium Spp., are vectors for this and other types of filariasis. 

Illumination affects the rate of photosynthesis Rp. The R parameter as a function of E has a maximum at some optimal value of Ernax, which drifts from this critical value when illumination increases or decreases. The maximum Rp at various latitudes ip is located at depths that vary as a function of season (i.e., sun elevation). Thus, in tropical zones this variability with depth is most pronounced. On average, the photosynthesis maximum is located at depths of 10m-30m, and in open water bodies it can be observed at depths below 30 m. Here Emax = 65 cal cm 2 da 1 85 cal cm-2 da-1. At depths where E = 20 cal cm-2 da- -25 cal cm-2 da-1, photosynthesis decreases in proportion to E. An apparent suppression of phytoplankton by light is observed at E > 100 cal cm 2 da 1. These estimates are quite different in northern latitudes, where the photosynthesis maximum is located, as a rule, at the surface. 

TOGA Experimental program to study the global atmosphere and tropical zones of the World Ocean. 

Nakagawa, L.E., L.C. Luchini, M.R. Musumeci, and M. Matallo (1996). Behavior of atrazine in soils of tropical zone Degradation, mobility and uptake of atrazine residues from soils in a crop rotation system (maize/beans). J. Environ. Sci. Health B-Pestic., 31 203-224. 

Anaya, A.L., S. del Amo. Allelopathic potential of Ambrosia cumanensis H.B.K. (Compositae) in a tropical zone of Mexico. J Chem Ecol 1978 4 289-304. 

Douglas. 1994. Small catchment studies in tropical zones. In Biogeochemistiy of Small Catchment, eds. B. Moldan, and J. Cemy (Wiley, Chichester), pp. 343-360. 

I would like to make a comment from the point of view of my time in the Inter. Bureau of Forestry at Hamburg. The difference between the forest in the tropical zones and in the temperate zones is mainly that the lowest content of organic matter in the Tropics is in the living part of the ecosystem and not in the detritus or in the humus. So if you cut the most living part of the ecosystem, you at once lose the main part of the nutrient contents, i.e., the main part of the organic matter. Secondly, the decomposition of the rest of the... 

VI. Order Urticales.—Ulmacem or Elm Family.—Forest trees indigenous to the temperate and tropical zones, charcterized by being woody plants, with pinnately-veined leaves and caducous stipules and Avithout milky juice. Their flowers are unisexual or hermaphroditic with six or four parts to the perianth. Fruit a samara. 

Stingrays live in warm temperate and tropical zones in a great abundance. Their mouth is positioned on the undersurface of their body, making it easier to find food on or in the sandy bottoms of the ocean. Rays feed on live crustaceans, shellfish and other invertebrates. Instead of teeth, rays have crushing plates that allow them to grind their food. 

PASSIONFLOWER, Passiflome herba, Passionflower consists of the dried aerial parts of Passiflom incarnata L., family Passifloraceae, collected during the flowering and fruiting period. This plant is a climber from the Carribean region, and is now cultivated in the whole tropical zone. It contains flavonoids, mainly C-glycosides of apigenin and luteolin with considerable variation in qualitative and quantitative composition. 

COCOA SEED, Cocoa semen Cocoa seeds are obtained from Theobroma cacao L., belonging to the family Sterculiaceae, a tree in Central America which is now cultivated in the whole tropical zone with Ghana as the main producer. After roasting, the seed husk... 

Arctic environments are often cited as a special case for oil spills, but in fact, extensive work on the toxicity and effects of oil have shown that Arctic species are about equally sensitive to oiling as their southern equivalents. The impact of an oil spill is increased, however, by the fact that the diversity of biota in the Arctic is very low and it takes longer to develop and grow. As oil takes longer to degrade and weather in the Arctic, toxic, volatile components are retained longer. For all these reasons, recovery from an oil spill is slower in an Arctic environment than in temperate and tropical zones. 

Fermenters can be located outdoors in most countries ofthe world. The working platforms usually are enclosed and heated in temperate zones, and only shaded in more tropical zones. In more populated areas, open fermenter buildings make too much noise for local residents. The environmental awareness, or the tolerance of the public, could preclude open fermenter buildings in the friture. Odor is also offensive to the public. The environmental authorities are demanding that equipment be installed to eliminate the offensive odor ofthe off-gases. (Noise levels inside a fermenter building will be greater than 90 dBA if no preventive measures are taken.)... 

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