Arctic climates

European diesel fuel specifications (EN 590 Standard). Requirements for "arctic" climatic zones. 

ACIA, 2004. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, http //amap.no/acia. 

Similarly, rivers in Iceland (Vigier et al. 2002) showed a strong fractionation from the presumed-invariant isotopic composition of their solute sources (8 Li = +17.1 to +23.9, compared to approximately +4 for pristine basalts). Rivers draining terranes with the oldest exposed lavas yield low 5T i a positive correlation exists between dissolved Li concentration and 5T i in Icelandic rivers. These observations are consistent with the data of Pistiner and Henderson (2003) for naturally weathered, historically-erupted Icelandic basalt. The outermost 4 mm of the basalt erupted in 1783 was shown to have 5T i 2%o lighter than the interior of the sample, suggesting weathering over 200 yr, even in the arctic climate, lead to appreciable release of isotopically heavy Li to surface waters. 

The progress achieved in studying Arctic environment variability is due to the accomplishment of a number of international research programs. Of particular importance is the Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS) project set up in 1991 by the WCRP as a practicable program for the next decade to assess the role of the Arctic in the global climate. Five areas were emphasized ... 

ACIA (2000). Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Implementation Plan. The Assessment Steering Committee, Alaska, Fairbanks, 35 pp. 

ACIA (2001). Report from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Modeling and Scenarios Workshop (Stockholm, Sweden, January 29-31, 2001). The ACIA Secretariat, Fairbanks,... 

Alekseev G.Y. (1998). Arctic climate dynamics in the global environment. World Clim. Res. 

Karimov G.U. and Chukanin K.I. (1988). Scheme for pollution transport to the Arctic troposphere. In K.Ya. Kondratyev (ed.), Monitoring the Arctic Climate. Hydro-meteoizdat, St. Petersburg, pp. 168-180 [in Russian]. 

Had Europe possessed an Arctic climate with a maximum temperature below 7° C., it is possible that the discovery of the phosphorescence of phosphorus might have been long delayed. Upon ignition with a lighted taper the phosphorescent temperature interval would have been so rapidly passed that the phenomenon would not ordinarily be observed. 

Spill Containment Basin. Impervious liners for earthen basins is another use for sulfur composites. A spill containment basin surrounding several bulk storage tanks was lined as a joint project between Chevron, The Sulphur Development Institute of Canada, and The Environmental Protection Service of Canada (Figure 7). For this particular application, the lining requirements were durability, sufficient strength to support foot traffic, and resistance to an arctic climate. 

Adding cenospheres and Styrofoam up to 10wt%, its thermal conductivity can be lowered to half that of conventional cement. When Ceramicrete-based permafrost sealant was cured in a CO2 environment, it set well, and when stored in CO2 for a week, it did not show any deterioration. Sugama and CarcieUo [8] predict that these sealants are durable up to 20 years in a downhole environment, compared to conventional cements that last for only a year. Unlike conventional cements, because CBS are neutral in pH and are not affected by downhole hydrocarbon gases, they are ideal for use in the gas hydrate regions in arctic climates. 

Mammals range in size from bats, some of which weigh less than 1 oz (28.4 g), to the blue whale, which weighs more than 200,000 lb (90,800 kg). Mammals are found in cold arctic climates, in hot deserts, and in every terrain in between. Marine mammals, such as whales and seals, spend most of their time in the ocean. While mammals are not as numerous and diverse as, for example, birds or insects, mammals have a tremendous impact on the environment, particularly due to the use of Earth s natural resources by one species of mammal humans. 

Contamination of snow by mustard gas presents serious problems. Sulphur mustard freezes at 14° C and detection systems relying on detection of vapour may fail. Carriage of contaminated snow into buildings and the later release of mustard vapour is a very real hazard for troops operating in an arctic climate. It is of interest that the freezing of mustard at the comparatively... 

Mysak, L.A., Manak, D.K. and Marsden, R.F. (1990) Sea-ice anomalies observed in the Greenland and Labrador Seas during 1901-1984 and their relation to an interdecadal Arctic climate cycle. Climate Dynamics, 5, 111-133. 

Thiokol A, Eihanite, Perdu ren. The first commercial poly-sulfide polymer, prepd from ethylene dichloride and sodium polysulfide. Sulfur content 84% d about 1.6. Mixes with natural rubber. Cured polymer retains unpleasant odor irritating fumes evolve during manuf. Stable to the usual organic solvents and dil mineral acids. Unstable to alkalies and oxidizing substances. Of low tensile strength and abrasion resistance. Not recommended where tropic or arctic climates prevail,... 

Lipid metabolism allows polar bears to thrive In arctic climates and to endure months of hibernation. 

Ahphatic esters such as adipates, azelates and sebacates enable PVC to remain flexible even in arctic climates. Di-octyl sebacate is especiaUy eflective in this respect, but expensive. Adipates are widely used in food packaging film because of their acceptability under food contact regulations. They have a low viscosity, making them convenient for PVC paste formulations. Examples include di-iso-nonyl adipate and benzyl octyl adipate. 

Polar ice caps and mountain glaciers are experiencing rapidly increasing temperature and as a result are melting at an accelerating rate. The Arctic Climate... 

Well adapted to the Arctic climate, reindeer and caribou thrive in the harsh conditions of the circumpolar area. Reindeer and caribou utilize grasses, leaves and other green plants during the short Arctic summer and survive the harsh winter by digging for ground lichens. In forested areas also arboreal lichens can be part of their winter diet. 

ABSTRACT Oil spill removal techniques have been developed as passive barriers to reduce the severity of adverse impacts of oil spills on the environment. Among different oil spill removal methods, combination of skimmers and booms are more preferable environmentally, as they can recover the spilt oil from sea permanently. However, a number of factors such as harsh Arctic climatic conditions, presence of sea ice, remote distances, poor visibility, and less developed infrastructure threaten the overall performance of skimmers. Therefore, identifying such influencing parameters and evaluating their impacts on the overall performance of skimmers is of the utmost importance. In this study, the overall performance of skimmers in the Arctic offshore is discussed from the viewpoints of effectiveness and availability performance. Several operational conditions and their impacts on the availability performance of skimmers and their effectiveness in the Arctic offshore are further reviewed and discussed. Changes in physical and chemical properties of spilt oil and their contribution to the window-of-opportunity for a successful skinmiing operation are described, taking into account the severe Arctic climatic conditions. 

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