Mountain glaciers

Cold, wet times in Greenland occurred with very cold, dry, windy conditions in Europe and North America along with very warm weather in the South Atlantic and Antarctica. This weather is indicated by studies of high mountain glaciers, the thickness of tree rings, and the types of pollen and shells found in mud at the bottoms of lakes and oceans. 

Mountain glaciers have receded and snow cover has decreased in both hemispheres, causing a rise in World Ocean level. The rate of this for 1961-2003 and 1993-2003 constituted 1.8 0.5mm/yr and 3.1 0.7 mm/yr. 

Mountain glacier decrease 1961-1997 3.7 x 103 km3 decrease in mountain glacier ice volume 1.1 x 1021 J... 

The warming of the ocean waters and probable increased ablation of the Greenland ice cap (Ambach, 1980) and of mountain glaciers will bring about a significant rise in sea level, estimated at between 60 and... 

Figures 1.3 through 1.8 show the future of Eastern North America if we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Figure 1.3 shows the U. S coastline as it is today. Figure 1.4 shows the coastline with a 1-meter rise in seal level. This is likely to occur between 2050 and 2100. This will be the result of the melting of most of the high mountain glaciers and small bits of the edges of Greenland and the Antarctic. Figure 1.5 shows the coastline with a 3-meter rise in sea level. This is likely to occur...

Iceland also has large amounts of mountains, glaciers and precipitation. Its hydroelectric plants have a capacity of approximately 1,000-MW and supply almost 7 million MWh per year of electric power. 

A cold period that lasted from about A.D. 1550 to about A.D. 1850 in Europe, North America, and Asia. This period was marked by rapid expansion of mountain glaciers, especially in the Alps, Norway, Ireland, and Alaska. There were three maxima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals. 

These ice streams play a vital role in the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheets because 90% of the ice that enters the southern oceans is transported by ice streams which are up to about 2,000 m deep , about 100 km wide, up to 800 km long, and move at the rate of 200-1,000 m/year, or more (Bell 2008). The ice streams flow much faster than most mountain glaciers especially when they are lubricated by the presence of water at their base. The ice is initially incorporated into the ice shelves that float in the water of the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. As these ice shelves grow in size, large tabular icebergs break off and melt as they float north. 

Polar ice caps and mountain glaciers are experiencing rapidly increasing temperature and as a result are melting at an accelerating rate. The Arctic Climate... 

Cryosphere Portion of Earth covered by sea ice, mountain glaciers, snow cover, ice sheets, or permafrost. 

In the Northern Hemisphere, the snow cover from December to February melted in May to the lowest area covered as recorded by satellites. The mountain glaciers on the Earth lost size and mass from the previous year. This trend of glacier reductions has continued since 1990 (State of the Climate 2012). 

Nesje, a., Bakke, j., Dahl, S., Lie, 0 and Matthews, J. (2008) Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future. Global and Planetary Change, 60 10-27. 

Reduction in mountain glaciers, cansing more seasonal variation in river flows in India and China... 

Important collateral damage from the shrinkage of mountain glaciers in the Himalayas, Andes, Alps, and the U.S. and Canadian Rockies is the adverse effect on water supply. Some of the world s most notable rivers, crucial as sources of irrigation water and water supply as well as waterways... 

Campen RK, Sowers T, Alley RB (2003) Evidence of microbial consratia metabolizing within a low-latitude mountain glacier. Geology 31 231-234... 

G. Thompson, O.B. Toon, D. Zaelke and J. MittelstraB, 2011 Fate of Mountain Glaciers in the Anthropocene. A Report by the Working Group Commissioned by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. 

Climatic Changes in the Mountain Glacier Area of Pamir... 

C. Mountain glaciers in non-polar regions have retreated during the 1990s. 

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