Arctic summers

Ikeda, T., and Skjoldal, H. R. (1989). Metabolism and elemental composition ofzooplankton from the Barents Sea during early Arctic summer. Mar. Biol. 100, 173—183. 

Subsequently, the obtained photolysis rate constants were adjusted for Arctic summer conditions as observed on the Greenland ice sheet. Further calculations with the adjusted rate constants demonstrated that under natural conditions the formation of nitrogen oxides... 

There was an apperception of being taught "I feel an incredibly old, earthen, Druidic, arctic-summer, Siberian tree-spirit kind of entity." It was powerful, old, wise and slow-moving sepias and browns and pale greens "Here I am - can you, will you ask of me " It seemed very... 

Summers, M.E., R.R. Conway, C.R. Englert, D.E. Siskind, M.H. Stevens, J.M. Russell III, L.L. Gordley, and M.J. McHugh, Discovery of a water vapor layer in the Arctic summer mesosphere Implications for polar mesospheric clouds. Geophys Res Lett 28, 3601, 2001. 

Bjorn, L.G., and F. Arnold, Mass spectrometric detection of precondensation nuclei at the arctic summer mesopause. Geophys Res Lett 8, 1167, 1981. 

Cota, G.F., Pomeroy, L., Harrison, W., Jones, E., Peters, F., Sheldon, W. and Weingartner, T.R. (1996) Nutrients, primary production and microbial heteroptrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 135, 247-258. 

Aspmo K, Temme C, Berg T, Ferrari C, Gauchard PA, Fain X, Wibetoe G (2006) Mercury in the atmosphere, snow and melt water ponds in the North Atlantic Ocean during Arctic summer. Environ Sci Technol 40 4083 089... 

Well adapted to the Arctic climate, reindeer and caribou thrive in the harsh conditions of the circumpolar area. Reindeer and caribou utilize grasses, leaves and other green plants during the short Arctic summer and survive the harsh winter by digging for ground lichens. In forested areas also arboreal lichens can be part of their winter diet. 

Chapin 111, F.S. et al., 2005 Role of Land-Surface Changes in Arctic Summer Warming , in Science, 310 657-660. 

Rainfall samples collected in the Great Lakes area of Canada in 1976 and 1977 contained mean concentrations of 1-2 ng/L (parts per trillion) a-endosulfan and 4—5 ng/L P-endosulfan. Endosulfan was detected in spring and summer rainfall samples but not in samples collected during the fall and winter (Strachan et al. 1980). a-Endosulfan has also been detected in snowpack samples obtained from widely distributed sites in the Canadian Arctic. Endosulfan concentrations in samples collected in the spring of 1986 ranged from 0.1 to 1.34 ng/L (Gregor and Gummer 1989). 

Data gathered from several sites near Niigata, Japan, between April 1989 and March 1992 showed elevated levels of trichloroethylene and other volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the winter (Kawata and Fujieda 1993). A rural site in this study had armual mean concentrations between 0.17 and 0.32 ppb, while four industrial sites had mean concentrations between 0.029 and 4.8 ppb. The average trichloroethylene level detected in samples collected from ambient air in the Norwegian Arctic between 1982 and 1983 was 0.007 ppb (Hov et al. 1984). Average concentrations of trichloroethylene in Alaskan Arctic haze between 1980 and 1982 were 0.036 ppb in winter and 0.007 ppb in summer (Khalil and Rasmussen 1983). 

Baskaran and Santschi (1993) examined " Th from six shallow Texas estuaries. They found dissolved residence times ranged from 0.08 to 4.9 days and the total residence time ranged from 0.9 and 7.8 days. They found the Th dissolved and total water column residence times were much shorter in the summer. This was attributed to the more energetic particle resuspension rates during the summer sampling. They also observed an inverse relation between distribution coefficients and particle concentrations, implying that kinetic factors control Th distribution. Baskaran et al. (1993) and Baskaran and Santschi (2002) showed that the residence time of colloidal and particulate " Th residence time in the coastal waters are considerably lower (1.4 days) than those in the surface waters in the shelf and open ocean (9.1 days) of the Western Arctic Ocean (Baskaran et al. 2003). Based on the mass concentrations of colloidal and particulate matter, it was concluded that only a small portion of the colloidal " Th actively participates in Arctic Th cycling (Baskaran et al. 2003). 

Loss of sea ice with rate of meiting increasing over time. Within this century, the Arctic Ocean is predicted to be ice free in the summer. 

Pacyna JM, Ottar B. 1985. Transport and chemical composition of the summer aerosol in the Norwegian arctic. Atmos Environ 19 2109-2120. 

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