Applications environmental considerations

Although transformers suitable for other industrial installations are generally suitable for producing applications, certain options may be desirable— primarily due to environmental considerations. At locations subject to harsh environmental conditions, and particularly at locations subject to washdown with high-pressure hoses, non-ventilated enclosures are desirable, if not necessary. Likewise, at locations subjected to salt water and salt-laden air, it often is desirable to specify copper windings and lead wires. Most manufacturers provide standard units with aluminum windings and lead wires. Even if aluminum coils are used, it is almost always desirable to require stranded copper lead wires. This will lessen corrosion and loose terminal problems when transformers arc interconnected to the facility electrical system with copper conductors. If the transformers are to be installed outdoors in corrosive environments, cases should be of corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel) or be provided with an exterior coating suitable for the location. 

Shapiro-Ilan DI, Gouge DH, Piggott SJ, Fife JP. Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Bio Cont. 2006 38 124-133. 

Where process, safety, and environmental considerations permit, vacuum protection may be provided by properly sized ever-open vents. Alternatively, active protective devices and systems are required. Vacuum breaker valves designed to open and admit air at a predetermined vacuum in the vessel are commonly used on storage tanks, but may not be suitable for some applications involving flammable liquids. Inert gas blanketing systems may be used if adequate capacity and reliability can be ensured. Where the source of the vacuum can be deenergized or isolated, suitably reliable safety instrumented systems (e.g, interlocks) can be provided. 

COMMUNITY APPLICATIONS OF SMALL SCALE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS. (1981) (Sponsor U.S. Department of Energy) ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITING A SOLAR-COAL HYBRID POWER PLANT. Substudies Include ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL IMPACTS. (1981) (Sponsor U.S. Department of Energy)... 

Applications of organotin compounds have been progressively restricted by environmental considerations the major use continues to be in PVC stabilization, and the monoalkyl tin compounds are being increasingly used for coating glass with Sn02. 

Since that time an enormous number of surfactants covering a wide range of chemical and physicochemical properties have been developed for quite universal as well as specific tasks in domestic and industrial applications. The criteria for selection of a surfactant for industrial production is directly connected with the feasibility of large-scale production. This is determined by several factors including availability and costs of raw materials, cost of manufacture, and performance of the finished products. In addition to these aspects, environmental considerations likewise play an increasingly important role. 

Extraction efficiency is not the only factor to be examined in the choice of solvent or reagent for a particular application. Environmental, as well as economic considerations must be taken into account. Solvents such as benzene and chloroform (which have solubilities of 0.07 and 0.82 parts per 100 parts of water) might be preferred for extractive efficiency, but their use would result in large losses to the aqueous phase. Not only would this be expensive, but it would be undesirable for reasons of health the toxic organo lead salts would be removed, but an equally toxic organic solvent would be added to the effluent. Addition of a solvent recovery unit subsequent to the extraction step might render the technique uneconomic (relative to alternative effluent treatment techniques). 

In conclusion, the chemical complexing-solvent extraction technique is particularly suited to the polishing of effluents containing trace quantities of metals or organo metallic compounds, since this would minimize the amount of reagent added to the effluent (as excess) and the ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase. Choice of solvent and reagent for a particular application will be dictated by both economic and environmental considerations. 

Terphenyls in heat-transfer applications are used in relatively smaller quantities with negligible release to the environment. They are sufficiently biodegradable so as not to constitute an environmental threat (56,57). Some properties important for environmental considerations are summarized in Table 7. 

The annual production value of small, sealed nickel-cadmium cells is over 1.2 I09. However, environmental considerations relating to cadmium are necessitating changes in the fabrication techniques, as well as recovery of failed cells. Batteiy system designers are switching to nickel-metal hydride (MH) cells for some applications, typically in AA -size cells, to increase capacity in the same volume and avoid the use of cadmium. 

FIBERS CELLULOSE ESTERS. The predominant cellulose esier liber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatility, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial application is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make II the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose, Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways belter than cellulose acetate, it is uf lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

In addition, the use of ionic liquids is often prompted by safety and environmental considerations, where their negligible volatility and nonflammability makes them ideal replacements for more toxic molecular solvents and, importantly, overcomes the problem of solvent evaporation that exists with the long-term use of volatile solvents in electrochemical applications. The wide liquid range and good thermal stability are also extremely advantageous for device applications. 

Emulsion polymerization is one of the major processes for the production of industrial polymers. It represents a sizable application for surface active agents, although manufacturers tend to minimize their use because of economic and environmental considerations (surfactants are usually more expensive compared to monomers and are mostly left in the liquor) and because of the negative effects on the final properties of the polymers and of their coalesced films. 

Occasionally, when the chemical exposure or other environmental considerations have dictated the use of a material that cannot be successfully bonded to the substrate, this same principle has found use even in composite linings employing "acid brick" or other rigid internal facings to protect the membrane lining from thermal or mechanical damage. An application of this kind requires the most careful study and construction if it is to be successful, and should not be attempted without the advice of experienced persons. 

The demand for bromine-containing chemicals for different sectors has strongly shifted in recent years, partly due to environmental considerations. This is demonstrated by the evolution in the application spectrum for bromine consumption in the USA in the period 1980 to 1993 shown in Table 1.7-24. 

In parallel with these developments, organotin compounds have found a variety of applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine, though in recent years these have been circumscribed by environmental considerations. In industry they are used for the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride), the catalysis of the formation of the polyurethanes, and the cold vulcanisation of silicone polymers, and also as transesterification catalysts. 

As the use of CrVI as a selective oxidant in organic synthesis91 decreases due to environmental considerations, research efforts have focused on the applications of heterogeneous or catalytic Crvl-based reagents. Typical recent examples for the former include ... 

The selection of a snitable catalyst for isocyanate reactions is more complicated than simply finding a compound that accelerates the reaction. Many formulations using organotin catalysts are two-component formulations that are mixed just before application. Depending on end-use, application characteristics of a formulation, such as potlife, and the impact of the catalyst on the final product have to be considered. More recently, environmental considerations have played a major role in the selection of a catalyst. 

This book covers the following topics in surfactant-enhanced soil flushing application to remedial action, selection criteria, Implementation, economics, mathematical modeling of surfactant flushing, case studies, regulatory aspects, health and environmental considerations. 

To best serve our clients, a dual perspective is recommended that takes into account the use of medications while not underestimating the political pressures that can influence prescribing patterns and counseling. Since neither psychosocial interventions nor the use of medication is an exact science, both types of intervention require professional application and ongoing monitoring. For all clients, medication as the sole modality of treatment is not recommended, because there are so many situational or environmental considerations that must be taken into account. At a recent workshop conducted by the senior author on medication and social work practice, one participant asked the following question Since we have medications such as Prozac, why do we need to do psychosocial interventions at all If medications are so successful, why not just give them the pill, monitor them, and send them home ... 

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