Application segments

In concert with prospective customers and partners, Illumina takes a highly collaborative approach to business relationships. They typically team up with experienced partners to accelerate the entry into key application segments and to help ensure that they can offer fully integrated solutions to the markets. Illumina takes a highly collaborative approach to business relationships. Worth mentioning a joint project with Dow Chemical Company and Chevron Corporation to develop BeadArray-based systems for a range of chemical detection applications. 

The largest application segment for filter photometers is in the area of combustion gases analysis, primarily for CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, SO2, etc. Other major areas of application include the petrochemical industry, with natural gas and other hydrocarbon process gas streams being important applications. As measurements become more complex, there is the need for more advanced instrumentation. Variable or tunable filter solutions (as described above) or full-spectrum FTIR or NIR instruments are normally considered for these applications, primarily in terms of overall versatility. Now that array-based systems are becoming available, there is a potential for an intermediate, less expensive, and more compact solution. Note that compact instrumentation tends to be environmentally more stable, and is well suited for industrial applications. 

Users from all application segments are interviewed by team members to discover their needs. Finally, a list with all proposed functional requirements is drawn up and evaluated by the project team. Usually the list is too long for all requirements to be implemented within a reasonable time-frame, so the requirements are prioritized into three categories, Musts , Wants and Nice to haves . Must requirements are considered to be those that are a prerequisite to the success of the software and are always included in the final specifications. Wants and Nice to haves are of lesser importance and are included only if their implementation does not appreciably delay the project. 

Every year many new catalysts become available for a wide variety of applications. Because it is impossible to discuss all these catalysts, we will limit the discussions to a summary of new grades introduced in the last five years and review only the most important developments for the various application segments, being resid upgrading, hydrocracking, FCC pretreatment, middistillate desulfurization and deep hydrogenation. Table 6 summarizes new catalysts introduced in the last 5 years and still being sold in 1995 [35]. Each year 15-20 new catalysts are introduced in the market. Akzo Nobel, Chevron and Criterion appeared to be the most active companies. 

Figure 8.1 The global lubricants market split by application segment.

The predominant application for biobased lubricants is in hydraulic oils, especially for mobile hydraulic systems, which consume about half the amount of bio oil. Construction machines are the largest application segment within the mobile hydraulic market with about 60% of the sales volume. The second largest segment is agro-machines with 15% of the total sales volume [23]. 

See FLOW ANALYSIS Overview. FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS Principles Instrumentation Detection Techniques Environmental and Agricultural Applications Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications Industrial Applications. SEGMENTED FLOW ANALYSIS. SEQUENTIAL INJECTION ANALYSIS... 

One of the application segments that is commonly associated with polymer blends is that of surgical instruments. As surgical techniques have proliferated, so has the need for increasingly specialized instruments. The drive toward minimally invasive surgeries has created the need for miniaturization, which in turn drives the need for smaller components with sufficient strength and durability. Access devices that are appropriate for polymer blends include trocars, retractors, and speculums. Hand instruments include staplers and forceps. Thermal ablation and electrosurgi-cal techniques require powered instruments. 

Another large handheld application segment is in positive material identification (PMI) where, similar to scrap sorting, the sample is identified as a specific alloy or material. PMI ensures that, for example, the repair of a crucial pipe in a hazardous material-containing process is only performed using the correct and certified material. After a catastrophic accident in a Texas refinery, PMI inspection of components carrying hazardous products was made mandatory. This mandate is easily accomplished on site using HH XRF instrumentation. 

This chapter briefly reviews the main classes of competitive material and identifies, in general terms, their typical strengths and weaknesses. It should then be clear why PAEK are the material of choice as each of the application segments is reviewed in Chapters 7 and 8. Table... 

Lactic acid is commercially used in food, beverages and industrial applications, as well as in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. It is also the monomeric precursor for polylactic acid (PLA). Market growth in the industrial applications segment is expected to result primarily from lactic acid-based biodegradable polymers for food and nonfood packaging, bottles and fibre applications, and lactate esters [16]. 

Within packaging, polyolefin cover the largest part of the demand (74% of all the plastic packaging in Europe), followed by Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polystyrene (PS), and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). Packaging is by far the biggest application segment... 

These EPA-driven methods represent the bulk of the routine environmental analyses being carried out by ICP-MS today. However, there are many other types of samples being analyzed, which represent a much smaller but significant contribution to the environmental application segment. For example, to better understand industrial-based airborne pollution covered by the Clean Air Act, air quality is often monitored using air-filtering systems. These typically consist of small pumps (either static or personal) where the air is sucked through a special filter for extended periods. The filter paper is then removed, dissolved in a dilute acid, and analyzed by an appropriate technique. Because trace metal concentration levels are sometimes extremely low, ICP-MS has proved itself to be a very useful tool to analyze these airborne particulate samples and help pinpoint sources of industrial pollution. 

The applications discussed in this chapter account for over 95% of all applications being carried out by ICP-MS. However, there are a number of other application segments and industries that also use the technique, but have not been included in the pie chart, because they only represent a small percentage of the total market. Some of these applications include forensic science," polymers and plastics," pharmaceuticals," ceramics," and pottery." These market segments are not discussed in this chapter, but if you are working in one of these areas and want to know more about the capabilities of ICP-MS, I suggest you read one of the cited references. 

Today, it has almost totally been replaced by LLDPE. The main market for LDPE is in high-clarity products, which includes produce bags, bakery film, and textile and paper overwrap. Overall film use is declining by 0.4% per year. With the exception of extrusion coatings and adhesives and sealants, LDPE s other application segments are declining 2-3% annually, largely as a result of displacement by LLDPE. 

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