Application of medicines

Animal health, on the one hand, is a factor of potential environmental significance because the application of medicines required for recovery from diseases may lead to undesired residue outputs into the environment. On the other hand, it is an important component of animal welfare. 

Acute toxic contact dermatitis may be induced by a single application of a toxic material. One local inflammatory skin reaction is characterized by erythema and oedema. This type of reaction occurs following contact with materials such as acids, alkalis, solvents, and cleansers and is rarely associated with topical application of medicinal or cosmetic products. In contrast, irritant contact dermatitis (a superficial non-immuno-logically based reaction) may occur after repeated exposure to many substances, including topical pharmaceutical agents. The reaction is usually localized to the site of exposure and usually diminishes after the stimulus has been removed. Some materials can stimulate an immune response following an initial topical application. Any future exposure may result in an inflammatory immune reaction, an allergic contact dermatitis, or sensitization. 

Merck s Bulletin (Merck Co., 1888-1891). A periodical record of new discoveries, introductions, or applications of medicinal chemicals. 

Plant tissue culture technique is one of the promising tools to ensure sustainable use of plant resources. There are three main strategies used in the biotechnological application of medicinal plants. The first is micropropagation for mass production of nurseries, the second is synthetic/artificial production of secondary metabolites of medicinal value and the third is molecular breeding for crop improvement. 

This book expertly covers various medicinal plants of African origin and the some of the latest basic and clinical research supporting their ongoing and potential uses in self-care and healthcare. This work also examines various issues and trends in medicinal plants from their uses in Traditional Medicine and etlmobotany, to our modem understanding of the plants chemistry and pharmacognosy, natural products chemistry and applications of medicinal plants, quality control, and models of benefit sharing. 

Vision Many people experience visual decline as they age (Fig. 5) (137,146). Moreover, there are typical diseases in the geriatric populations that affect the application of medicines. Macula degeneration and glaucoma diseases reduce the visual capabilities and may lead to blindness. A number of diabetic patients also show reduced visual potency. A special insulin pen has been developed, which is easy to handle and where the graduations are enlarged to facilitate the adjustment of the correct dose (Fig. 6). Impaired vision hinders one s ability to self-administer medication and to read instructions for the... 

The antidepressant class of drugs are well-known and widely used today not only for the treatment of mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorders, but also for the treatment of neuropathic pain, smoking cessation, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, among others. The application of medicinal chemistry in the development of newer antidepressants, such as selective serotonin uptake inhibitors... 

Zhou LG, Wu JY. Development and application of medicinal plant tissue cultures for production of drugs and herbal medicinal in China. Nat Prod Rep 2006 23(2) 789-810. 

Uncooperative patients (patient is careless about sun exposure or the application of medicine). 

In external otitis, and, less often, for diseases of the middle ear, local application of medicines - i.e. in ear drops, may be necessary. Pharmacokinetic data of substances after administration to the middle ear have been reported in the literature [11]. 

The application of medicines in the nose usually aims at a local effect (e.g., for decongestion of the mucous membrane of the nose, or to administer anti-allergic medicines). In recent years, it has become clear that the nose can be used as a route for systemic therapy as well. Nose drops and nose sprays are the most commonly used nasal preparations. 

Over the past few decades, much progress has been made on research on Uncaria spp. This genus plants are considered as a valuable source for the discovery and application of medicinal plant-derived namral products such as alkaloids and pentacyclic triterpenes as pharmaceutical agents. In vitro and in vivo studies evidenced the biological activity and therapeutic potential of the compounds isolated from this genus. However, further research is required for the development of potential dmg leads from the compounds of this genus in the area of inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and vascular-related disorders. 

DiREKBUSARAKOM s (2004), Application of medicinal herbs to aqnacnlture in Asia , WalaUak J Sci Tech, 1(1), 7—14. 

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