Reservoir applications

Albarede F (2001) Radiogenic ingrowth in systems with multiple reservoirs applications to the differentiation of the mantle-crust system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 189 59-73... 

The canonical nonequilibrium system consists of a subsystem sandwiched between two thermal reservoirs of different temperatures, with heat flowing steadily through the subsystem from the hot reservoir to the cold reservoir. Application of the general theory to this canonical problem illustrates the theory and serves to make the analysis more concrete. The first task is to identify explicitly the thermodynamic variables appropriate for this problem. 

Heating the adhesive before atomization enables heavier adhesive buildup, reduces overspray losses, and minimizes contamination from atmospheric water vapor. Spray methods can be used on both small and large production runs. The liquid to be sprayed is generally in solvent solution. Sizable amounts of product may be lost from overspray. Two-component adhesives are usually mixed prior to placement in the spray gun reservoir. Application systems are available, however, that meter and mix the adhesive within the spray gun barrel. This is ideal for fast-reacting systems, but guns must be thoroughly cleaned to avoid buildup of polymerized product. 

Heller, J. P. "Reservoir Application of Mobility Control Foams in CO2 Floods, paper SPE/DOE 12644 presented at the SPE/DOE Fourth Joint Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 15-18, 1984. 

Kaufman R. L., Ahmed A. S., and Elsinger R. J. (1990) Gas chromatography as a development and production tool for fingerprinting oils from individual reservoirs applications in the Gulf of Mexico. GCSSEPM Found. 9th Ann. Res. Conf. Proc. 263-282. 

As demonstrated in Chapter 1, foam is a gas phase dispersed within a liquid phase and stabilized by surfactant adsorbed at the gas—liquid interfaces. In reservoir applications, foams are usually formed by nonwetting gases, such as steam or nitrogen, dispersed within a continuous, wetting aqueous phase containing surface-active agents. Foams formed with dense... 

The emulsification of the aqueous phase in oil is likely to have a detrimental effect only in situations where the heavy oil phase is also flowing in porous media. Reservoir applications of foams invariably assume that the oil phase is at residual saturation (Sor). Consequently, emulsification is not generally considered a serious problem in most foam applications. 

The purpose of this chapter is to describe an alternate mode of characterizing foam for reservoir application with emphasis on production-well treatments where the gas-blocking properties of foam, rather than its viscous flow effects, are paramount. The results should also be of relevance to other foam processes where gas flow is primarily to be blocked, such as the diversion of injected gas or steam and the sealing of leaks in gas storage reservoirs. 

Zaleski (II) compared solids control alternatives in horizontal wells (Table II). Slotted liners are the most cost effective. Wire-wrapped screens can be two to three times more expensive than slotted liners for the same reservoir application. Gravel packing is adequate for unconsolidated reservoirs with high flow capacity where maximum performance is desired, as well as in formations with substantial clay content or fines. However, it can be 5-10 times more expensive than the other... 

Karlsen, D. A. Larter, S. R. 1989. A rapid correlation method for petroleum population mapping within individual petroleum reservoirs—applications to petroleum reservoir description. In Haresnape, j. (ed.) Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Graham Trotman, 77-85. 

A major difficulty is the proper selection of foam-forming surfactants for the challenging environments involved in petroleum reservoir applications, since many characteristics are thought to be necessary for performance, including good tolerance of the foam to interaction with crude oil in porous media [66, 102]. Here, the physical situation is even more complex than for bulk foams due to influences of pore structure, wettability and oil saturation. For both bulk foams and foams in porous media, oil-sensitive foams are usually less stable as increasing amounts of emulsified oil are contacted (bulk tests) or in the presence... 

Thermal Stability of Surfactants for Reservoir Applications., Int. Symp. on Oil Field and Geothermal Chemistry, Houston, Texas, January 22-24, pp. 61-70,... 

---