Jacket, cooling

Place 35 ml. of a M solution of aluminium tsopropoxide or 7 g. of solid aluminium tsopropoxide, 450 ml. of dry isopropyl alcohol and 21 g. of purified benzaldehyde (Section IV,115) in a 1 litre round-bottomed flask. Fit a short reflux condenser (no water in the cooling jacket) or better a Hahn condenser (2) (containing a 1 cm. layer of ethyl alcohol in the iimer tube) to the flask and arrange for slow distillation from a water bath at the rate of 3-6 drops per minute. Continue the heating until a negative test for acetone is obtained after 5 minutes of total reflux (6-9 hours) if the volume of the mixture falls below 200 ml. during the reduction, add more isopropyl alcohol. Remove the reflux or Hahn condenser and distil off (Fig. II, 13, 3) most of the isopropyl alcohol under atmospheric pressure from a suitable oil bath. Hydrolyse the... 

Heating under reflux.—A water condenser of total length 25 cm, (cooling jacket 15 cm.) may be used. If the upper end is provided with a long side arm as in Fig. XII, 2, 9, refluxing may be followed by distillation without transferring the contents of the flask it may be necessary to surround part of the side arm with a short water condenser (compare... 

In a typical adiabatic polymerization, approximately 20 wt % aqueous acrylamide is charged into a stainless steel reactor equipped with agitation, condenser, and cooling jacket or coils. To initiate the polymerization, an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite [7631-90-5] is added, followed by the addition of a solution of ammonium persulfate [7727-54-0] N2HgS20g. As the polymerization proceeds, the temperature rises to about 90°C, and then begins to fall at the end of the polymerization. The molecular weight obtained depends primarily on the initiator concentration employed. 

Since acrylic polymerizations liberate considerable heat, violent or mnaway reactions are avoided by gradual addition of the reactants to the kettie. Usually the monomers are added by a gravity feed from weighing or measuring tanks situated close to the kettie. The rate of monomer addition is adjusted to permit removal of heat with full flow of water in the condenser and a partial flow in the cooling jacket. Flow in the jacket can be increased to control the polymerization in cases of erroneous feed rates or other unexpected circumstances. A supply of inhibitor is kept on hand to stop the polymerization if the cooling becomes inadequate. 

AlliedSignal Cell. A cross section of AUiedSignal s cell is shown in Eigure 3. The cell body is a rectangular steel box on wheels with an outside water-cooling jacket. A central partition divides the box lengthwise. The negative side of the d-c bus is connected directly to the cell container. The interior of the box and the central partition act as the cathodic area of the cell. 

Suspension Polymerization. In this process the organic reaction mass is dispersed in the form of droplets 0.01—1 mm in diameter in a continuous aqueous phase. Each droplet is a tiny bulk reactor. Heat is readily transferred from the droplets to the water, which has a large heat capacity and a low viscosity, faciUtating heat removal through a cooling jacket. 

Sulfurchlorination of unsaturated compounds or mercaptans is normally carried out at atmospheric pressure in a glass-lined reaction vessel because of the potential to Hberate HCl during the reaction. The sulfurchlorination vessel is equipped with a cooling jacket or coils (very exothermic reaction), a nitrogen or dry air sparging system, an overhead condenser, and a caustic or bleach scmbber. If one of the reactants (olefin or mercaptan) is alow boiling material, ie, isobutylene, a glass-lined pressure vessel is recommended. 

In North America, a special, high conductivity, low permeability, "hot-pressed" carbon brick is utilized almost exclusively for hearth walls. Because of their relatively small size and special, heat setting resin cement, and because the brick is installed tightly against the cooled jacket or stave, differential thermal expansion can be accommodated without refractory cracking and effective cooling can be maintained. Additionally, the wall thickness is generally smaller than 1 m, which promotes the easy formation of a protective skull of frozen materials on its hot face. Thus hearth wall problems and breakouts because of carbon wall refractory failure are virtually nonexistent. 

A reaction A 2B runs in a tube provided with a cooling jacket that keeps the wall at 630 R. Inlet is pure A at 650 R and 50 atm. Other data are stated in the following. Find the profiles of temperature and conversion along the reactor, both with heat transfer and adiabatically. 

Specimen Location Coolant piping connections in extrusion barrel cooling jacket... 

Figure 9.16 depicts the arrangement of connections in the extrusion barrel cooling jacket. Embrittlement and cracking of these stainless steel connections (Figs. 9.17 and 9.18) were occurring as frequently as every 4 to 6 weeks. 

Provide agitation, cooling jacket, and temperature control for prescrubber to improve operation... 

Coil condenser. An open tube, into which is sealed a glass coil or spiral through which water circulates. The tube is sometimes also surrounded by an outer cooling Jacket. A double coil condenser has two inner coils with circulating water. 

Double surface condenser. A tube in which the vapour is condensed between an outer and inner water-cooled jacket after impinging on the latter. Very useful for liquids boiling below 40°. 

This family of filters consist of a vertical pressure vessel with a horizontal filter plate at the bottom. The filtrate from this equipment flows out a nozzle on the bottom of the filter. These devises are usually used for slurries where large amounts of solids are being collected. Variations of this equipment include equipment with removable lower heads for easy cake removal, ability to pressure or vacuum filter, ability to wash the filter cake, an agitator to break-up and rewash the filter cake, and heating or cooling jackets for the whole vessel. The Nutsche filter is the industrial version of the well known laboratory scale Buchner Funnel with the exception that it is designed to operate under either on vacuum or pressure. 

In static systems, the cooling jackets are normally filled with a glycol and water mixture to provide for uniform heat distribution within the cylinder. This system may be used where the AT of the gas is less than 150°F and discharge gas temperature is less than 190°F. 

The most serious accident tliat Ciui occur in a nuclear plant is a reactor core meltdown. In a core meltdown, the enclosed gases physically melt through tlie reactor vessel, and once contacting with cooler liquids or vapors either in a cooling jacket or in the outer enviromnent, cause a physical e. plosion to occur. However, tlie hazard caused by the e. plosion itself is minimal and more localized compared with the release of radioactive material that accompanies such an accident. 

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