Antiinfective activities,

Serkedjieva, J. Antiinfective Activity of a Plant Preparation from Geranium sanguineum L. Pharmazie. 1997, 52, 799-802. 

Corr SC, li Y, Riedel CU, O Toole PW, Hill C, Gahan CGM. Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the antiinfective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 104 7617-7621. 

Schnitzler P, Schuhmacher A, Astani A et al (2008) Melissa officinalis oil affects infectivity of enveloped herpesviruses. Phytomedicine 15 734-740 Schuhmacher A, ReichUng 1, Schnitzler P (2003) Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine 10 504-510 Semple SI, Nobbs SF, Pyke SM et al (1999) Antiviral flavonoid from Pterocaulon sphacelatum, an Australian Aboriginal medicine. 1 Ethnopharmacol 68 283-288 Semple SI, Pyke SM, Reynolds GD et al (2001) In vitro antiviral activity of the emthraquinone chrysophanic add agmnst poliovirus. Antiviral Res 49 169-178 Serkedjieva 1 (1997) Antiinfective activity of a plant preparation from Geranium sanguineum L. Pharmazie 52 799-802... 

Synthesis of imrnunoinodulatora which combine the structures of lipid A and 1-deoxy-niuramyl dipeptide linked to a spacer arm has been accomplished, in order to exploit the discovery that lipophilic derivatives of 1-deoxy-muramyl dipeptide showed strong immunoadjuvant and antiinfective activity (see Vol. 20, p.176). 

Additional discussions are available in the General References concerning the properties of several nitrofiirans. This includes further coverage of the chemotherapeutic and physical properties antimicrobial activity bacterial resistance absorption, distribution, and excretion clinical use and safety studies, of this interesting class of antiinfective compounds. 

Nembutal sodium pentobarbitone, nemonapride [inn.jan] (YM 09151-2) is a benzamide, a (Dj) DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST that has been used as an ANTIPSYCHOTIC in the treatment of schizophrenia, neoarsphenamine [inn] is an arsenical with ANTIMICROBIAL activity, used as a veterinary antiinfective and antisyphilitic. 

FIGURE 2.2 An example of fine-tuning of pharmacologically active chemicals Erythromycin 2 -ethylsuccinate and clarithromycin are semisynthetic derivatives of the macroUde antiinfective erythromycin. The small molecular change in the former leads to the elimination of bitterness which is important as this class of drugs is often used in pediatrics and administered as a syrup. In the latter, because hemiketal formation is no longer possible (arrow), clarithromycin is stable in the acidic milieu of the stomach (pH 2). 

Antiinfectives that require the target organism to be in an active, growing state p-Lactam antibacterials... 

The present invention provides for medical devices which are antiinfective as a resirlt of antinfective agents impregnated onto their surfaces and/or antinfective activity incorporated into their access sites. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that certain combinations of antimicrobial agents and solvents change the surface characteristics of polymeric medical devices, thereby facilitating the retention of antimicrobial agents. It is further based on the discovery that the incorporation of antinfective polymeric inserts into the access sites of a medical device provides improved antinfective activity. 

J. M. Nicolas, P. Pirson, and B. Leclef. Acetylated LDL as a vehicle for antiinfections drugs preparation and antileishmanial activity of acetylated-LDL containing ketoconazole-oleate. Ann. Top. Med. Parasitol. 8i(40) 325-336 (1990). 

Flucytosine is an antiinfective/antifungal agent that interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis. It is active against Candida and Cryptococcus. It is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida or Cryptococcus. 

Methenamine is an antiinfective agent. In acidic urine, methenamine is hydrolyzed to ammonia and formaldehyde, which is bactericidal to certain bacteria in urine. Acid salts (methenamine mandelate and hippurate) have some nonspecific bacteriostatic activity and help to maintain low nrine pH. It is indicated in suppression or elimination of bacterinria associated with pyelonephritis, cystitis, and other chronic UTls in treatment of infected residual urine, sometimes accompanying nenrologic disease or diabetes. 

Zinc (200 to 220 mg p.o. t.i.d.) is used in zinc-deficiency states and as an adjunct in ulcers, acne, ear granulomata, rheumatoid arthritis, hypogeusia, anosmia, vitamin A therapy, and acrodermatitis enteropathica. In addition, zinc has antiinfective properties and hence is used twice a day as an ophthalmic solution (1 to 2 drops). Zinc sulfate ophthalmic solution exhibits astringent and weak antiseptic activity, which may result from precipitation of protein by the zinc ion and by clearing mucus from the outer surface of the eye. This drug has no decongestant action and produces mild vasodilation. 

The past decades witnessed a major decrease in the number of newly discovered compounds. In an almost 40-year period (1962-2000), no new class of antibiotic was introduced to the market (nalidixic acid in 1962, the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in 2000) [44, 45]. The major reason for the decrease in the number of newly discovered compounds might be a decline in screening efforts [37]. Ironically, some of the leading pharmaceutical companies are currently cutting back their antiinfective programs, especially for natural products [46]. They rather focus their activities on the semisynthetic modification of existing antibiotics to produce second- and third-generation antibiotics with improved properties. 

Contrary to other whey proteins, a Fe " ion is present in lactoferrin molecule [3]. Similarly to immunoglobulins, it has the antimicrobial character [46]. Whey is appropriate for extraction of lactoferrin and cation-exchange chromatography is proposed for its purihcation. Heat treatment at pH 4.0 does not denature the protein therefore, this pH is suitable for its pasteurization. Recently, some beneficial aspects of lactoferrin on human s health have been regarded. Its exceptional properties such as antiinfective, anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities enhance its utility in pharmaceutical and food industries. Remarkably, lower pH values (2-3) enhance its antibacterial activity. The results of clinical studies about positive effects of lactoferrin on human and animals health have been published [49]. 

Nostro A, Papalia T (2012) Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol current progress and future prospectives. Recent Pat Antiinfect Dmg Discov 7(l) 28-35... 

---