Anti-inflammatories flavonoids

Ko, H.-H. et al.. Anti-inflammatory flavonoids and pterocarpanoid from Crotalaria pallida and C. assamica, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry letters, 14, 1011, 2004. 

Tordera M, Ferrandiz ML, Alcaraz MJ. 1994. Influence of anti-inflammatory flavonoids on degradation and arachidonic acid release in rat neutrophils. Z Naturforsch [C] 49 235-240. 

Different chemical constituents, including flavonoids, have been considered as the active principles of many anti-inflammatory plants. From Baccharis calliprinos Grised and Baccharis rhetinoides Meyer Walp, growing in the Cuyo region of Argentina, Gianello el al. [116] reported the isolation and identification of several anti-inflammatory flavonoids, such as luteolin-7,3 -dimethylether, Fig. (65), homoeriodictyol, Fig. (66) and eriodictyol-3 ,4 -dimethylether, Fig. (67). 

Moroney, M.A., Alcaraz, M J., Forder, R.A., Carey, F., and Hoult, J Ji.S. (1998) Selectivity of Neutrophil 5-Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition by an Anti-Inflammatory Flavonoid Glycoside and Related Aglycone Flavonoids, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 40, 787-792. 

A series of diterpenes from Sideritis (Lamiaceae) species have anti-inflammatory activity. These plants also contain anti-inflammatory flavonoids (Alcaraz and Rios, 1991). Gingkolides from Ginkgo biloba have anti-inflammatory activity and antagonize platelet aggregation factor (Walton, 1992). 

Taliou A, Zintzaras E, Lykouras L, Francis K. An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Ther. 2013 35 592-602. 

Moroney MA, Alcaraz MJ, Border RA, Carey F, Hoult JR. Selectivity of neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by an anti-inflammatory flavonoid glycoside and related aglycone flavonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988 40 787-792. 

Epidemiological studies and intervention trials with food and beverages rich in flavonoids are not conclusive although flavonoids were recognized to display numerous antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-microbial activities. The antioxidant capacity of flavonoids has been largely reported in numerous in vitro and ex vivo systems. Numerous reviews "" have been published on the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Degenerative diseases are largely associated with oxidative mechanisms that may be counteracted by flavonoids. 

These structurally diverse compounds exhibit a range of biological activities in vitro that may explain their potential health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and the induction of apoptosis (Hooper and others 2008). Most of the recent interest in flavonoids as health-promoting compounds is related to their powerful antioxidant properties. The criteria to establish the antioxidant capacity of these compounds is based on several structural characteristics that include (a) the presence of o-dihydroxyl substituents in the B-ring (b) a double bond between positions 2 and 3 and (c) hydroxyl groups in positions 3 and 5. 

Red wine contains quercetin, rutin, catechin, and epicatechin, among other flavonoids (Frankel and others 1993). Quercetin and other phenolic compounds isolated from wines were found to be more effective than a-tocopherol in inhibiting copper-catalyzed LDL oxidation. It has been determined that quercetin has also several anti-inflammatory effects it inhibits inflammatory cytokine production (Boots and others 2008), inducible NO synthase expression and activation of inflammatory transcription factors (Hamalainen and others 2007), and activity of cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase (Issa 2006), among others. 

Hamalainen M, Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M and Moilanen E. 2007. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids genistein, kaempferol, quercetin and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kB activations whereas flavones, isorhamnetin, naringenins, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophagues. Mediators Inflamm 2007 45673. 

The flavonoid content of the tinctures of Calendula officinalis L., Passiflora incarnata L and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. was investigated by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effect, and the beneficial influence to treat hepatic injuries, tension... 

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

Because of human consumption of plant and plant products, there has been much interest on the impact of flavonoids on human health and this has been recently reviewed [149, 150 and ref therein]. Additionally, Passamonti et al. [151] have recently reviewed the issue of bioavailability of dietary flavonoids. Citrus flavonoids have been shown to have many beneficial effects on human health including anti-inflammatory activity, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, and protection against coronary heart disease [reviewed in 152-154]. This has led to... 

Benavente-Garcia O, CastiUo J (2008) Update on uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids new findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti- inflammatory activity. J Agric Food Chem 56 6185-6205... 

Resveratrol is another type of polyphenol, a stilbene derivative, that has assumed greater relevance in recent years as a constituent of grapes and wine, as well as other food products, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and cancer preventative properties. Coupled with the cardiovascular benefits of moderate amounts of alcohol, and the beneficial antioxidant effects of flavonoids, red wine has now emerged as an unlikely but most acceptable medicinal agent. 

Flavonoids are of particular interest because of their potential anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiviral activities. 

The best evidences are studies from preclinical animal models [86, 87, 105], or knockout animals lacking appropriate anti-oxidative pathways [106]. For example, Balb/c mice administered a variety of anti-oxidants in their chow were protected from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity [107]. Rats fed with the anti-oxidant melatonin were protected from cholesterol mediated oxidative liver damage [108]. The best clinical evidence that oxidative stress is a key player in a variety of liver injury diseases is the beneficial application of silymarin in these disease indications [109]. Silymarin is a polyphenolic plant fiavonoid (a mixture of flavonoid isomers such as silibinin, isosilibinin, silidianin and silichristin) derived from Silymarin maria-num that has antioxidative, antilipid peroxidative, antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects [109, 110]. 

Chan, S.-C. et al., Three new flavonoids and antiallergic, anti-inflammatory constituents from the heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera, Planta Med., 64, 153, 1998. 

Abad, M.J., Bermejo, P., and Villar, A., Anti-inflammatory activity of two flavonoids from... 

Melek, F.R. et al., Atractylis carduus angustifolia flavonoids and anti-inflammatory activity, Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci., 33, 11, 1992. 

Most flavonoids are potent antioxidant compounds. Several flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antimmour, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Many traditional medicines and medicinal plants contain flavonoids... 

Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen Tian Qi (root) Ginsenosides, panaxatriol, panaxadiol, dencichine, saponins flavonoids.53-425 A stimulant, tonic expectorant, anti-inflammatory. 

N.A. Bupleurumol, triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, saikosides." A tonic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, protects liver. 

N.A. Carotenoids, saponins, flavonoids, phytosterols, mucilage, triterpenes, resin.99,100 Anti-inflammatory, heal wounds, bed sores, ulcers, and skin rashes. 

N.A. Hypericin, hyperoside, rutin, quercitin, chlorogenic acid, pseudohypericin, flavonoids.99 100 102 Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antiseptic and astringent properties. 

N.A. Flavonoid glycosides, chimpahilin, sesquiterpenes, arbutin, ursolic acid.186 Anti-inflammatory, relieve pain, improve myocardial circulation. 

The flavonoids quercetin, hyperoside and isoquercetin, present in the ethanolic extract of Drosera madagascariensis, are inducers of spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects in guinea-pig ileum by affecting cholinergic M3 and histamine HI receptors [183]. 

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