Drag effect

Because of the drag effect of the side-walls of the trough on the expanding and cross-linking foam the process as described above gives a domed block. Hence... 

It is generally tme to say that, as speed increases, the oil viscosity decreases, that is, if hydrodynamic conditions exist. Relatively low viscosity oil will allow the oil to spread rapidly over the tooth surfaces before meshing and, in the case of forced lubrication, ease circulation. In the case of bath lubrication, it will eliminate the oil drag effect. 

Adverse drag effects, 169—172. See also Side effects... 

The flow conditions in the boundary layer are of considerable interest to chemical engineers because these influence, not only the drag effect of the fluid on the surface, but also the heat or mass transfer rates where a temperature or a concentration gradient exists. 

W. Fan, A New Experimental Hydration Parameter the Water-Dragging Effect, Ph.D. Thesis, Universite de Lausanne, 1992. 

Fan, W. Tsai, R. S. El Tayar, N. Carrupt, P.-A. Testa, B, Solute-water interactions in the organic phase of a biphasic system. 2. Effects of organic phase and temperature on the water-dragging effect, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 329-333 (1994). 

A Karino, M Hayashi, T Horie, S Awaza, H Minami, M Hanano. Solvent drag effect in intestinal drug absorption. J Pharmacobiol Dynam 5 410-417, 670-677, 1982. 

At speeds beyond 4000 m/min, inertial and air drag effects become the dominant contributors to fiber stress. Sufficient orientation can be induced so that significant crystallization occurs in the as-spun fiber. The structure begins to partition into either highly oriented crystalline regions, or amorphous regions of relatively low orientation. There is relatively less oriented-amorphous structure. 

Osmolarity of perfusate solution The buffer osmolarity should be standardised to facilitate estimation of Peff values. Generally adjusted to physiological conditions of 290 mOsm/kg. (70 mM phosphate buffer) with 5.4 mM potassium chloride, 48 mM sodium chloride, 35 mM mannitol, and 10 mM D-glucose. Lane et al. [131] demonstrated the effect of hypersomolar perfusion on Tapp of ibuprofen in the in situ rat gut technique. Hypersomolar solutions tended to decrease Peff values, attributable to a reversed solvent drag effect. 

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

Ren, X., Springer, T. E., Zawodzinski, T. A. and Gottesfeld, S. 2000. Methanol transport through Nafion membranes— Electro-osmotic drag effects on potential step measurements. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 147 466-474. 

Under fuel cell operation, a finite proton current density, 0, and the associated electro-osmotic drag effect will further affect the distribution and fluxes of water in the PEM. After relaxation to steady-state operation, mechanical equilibrium prevails locally to fix the water distribution, while chemical equilibrium is rescinded by the finite flux of water across the membrane surfaces. External conditions defined by temperature, vapor pressures, total gas pressures, and proton current density are sufficient to determine the stationary distribution and the flux of water. 

J. W. Cahn,The impurity-drag effect iu graiu boimdary motion, Acta Metall. 10 789 (1962). 

The mobility estimates of Grozema et al. [52] are quite optimistic, at least so far as hole transport in solution is concerned. For what are called realistic rotational force constants and static energy disorder they predict a hole mobility in DNA of 0.1 cm /Vs. However, taking into account the drag effect of the water we obtained a mobility of 3.5x10 cm /Vs, as detailed in Sect. 2.5. This is an upper limit because we included neither scattering nor energetic disorder. 

Drag Effects. Dislocations gliding in real crystals encounter dissipative frictional forces which oppose their motion. These frictional forces generally limit the dislocation velocity to values well below the relativistic range. Such drag forces originate from a variety of sources and are difficult to analyze quantitatively. 

If motion is unaffected by drag effects due to impurity atoms, it is called intrinsic. 

Observations of further solute-atom drag effects have been reviewed [2, 13], A number of effects measured as a function of driving pressure, temperature, and solute concentration appear to follow the general trends indicated in Fig. 13.6. The approximate nature of the model makes some discrepancies unsurprising. In Fig. 13.9, the discontinuous increases in boundary mobility as the temperature is increased are presumably caused by successive detachments of portions of a solute-atom atmosphere that exerted a drag on the boundaries. 

J.W. Cahn. The impurity-drag effect in grain boundary motion. Acta Metall., 10(9) 789—798, 1962. 

Karino, A., et al. 1982. Solvent drag effect in drug intestinal absorption. I. Studies on drug and D20 absorption clearances. J Pharmacohiodyn 5 410. 

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