Annual risk exposure

Annual risk exposure (ARE) The annual risk exposure is the total risk exposure divided by the estimate project life in years. 

There me two major types of risk ina. imuin individual risk and population risk. Maximum risk is defined e.xacUy as it implies, Uiat is the ma.ximum risk to an individual person. Tliis person is considered to have a 70-year lifetime of exposure to a process or a chemical. Population risk is Uie risk to a population. It is expressed as a certain number of deaths per Uiousand or per million people. For example, a fatal annual risk of 2 x 10 refers to 2 deatlis per year for every million individuals. These risks are based on very conser ative assumptions, llich may yield too high a risk. 

Table 11.2 Annual risks of death associated with some activities and exposures, as compiled by Edmund Crouch and Richard Wilson...

Activity/exposure Annual risk (deaths per 100000 persons at risk)... 

Assessments of the risks of radiation exposure have been made to assist in establishing a basis on which to recommend permissible limits or the appropriateness of already derived limits of radiation exposure for various activities and populations. The permissible limits of exposure vary somewhat for different situations, primarily because of the variation in the risks from causes other than radiation exposure. For example, the recommended maximum annual radiation exposure for an astronaut is 0.5 Sv (50 rem) (other risks are high and the years of... 

The annual radiation exposure of nuclear workers is limited to 5 rem, and the limit for public exposure (not radiation workers) from licensed activities is 100 mrem/year although people living near a nuclear power station are on average only exposed to <1 mrem/year.8 The government also puts limits on fatality risk levels due to a nuclear accident ... 

People are more familiar with expressions of risk associated with various activities than they are with risks associated with chemical exposures. We speak, for example, of the annual risks of dying as a result of certain activities. The annual chance of dying in automobile accidents for people who drive the average number of miles is about... 

Moderate risk STANAG 2083 0.10 Public, annual, continuous exposure NCRP... 

Risks associated with the exposure of chemical substances cannot be evaluated and quantified easily. Although many data for different chemicals are available (ie, annual risk of death from deliberate or accidental exposures by overdoses of drugs, pesticides and industrial chemicals) these data are usually limited to acute poisoning. 

Because radiation exposure can be cumulative, there are no truly safe levels of exposure to radioactive materials. Radiation does not cause any specific diseases. Symptoms of radiation exposure may be the same as those from exposure to cancer-causing materials. The tolerable limits for exposure to radiation that have been proposed by some scientists are arbitrary. Scientists concur that some radiation damage can be repaired by the human body. Therefore, tolerable limits are considered acceptable risks when the activity benefits outweigh the potential risks. The maximum annual radiation exposure for an individual person in the United States is 0.1 REM. Workers in the nuclear industry have a maximum exposure of 5 REMs per year. An emergency exposure of 25 REMs has been established by The National Institute of Standards and Technology for response personnel. This type of exposure should be attempted under only the most dire circumstances and should occur only once in a lifetime. 

The interest rate risk of any given bond will depend on the bond s exposures to the factors and on correlations between factors. Exhibit 23.5 gives detailed risk decompositions for three sovereign bonds. The typical annualized risk of a straight bond issued by the Federal Republic of Germany varies from about 200 to 300 bp to over 800 bp, depending on its duration. At the other end of the spectrum, the interest rate risk of a bond issued by the Czech Republic can reach as much as 3,000 bp, which exceeds the risk of most speculative corporate issues in developed markets. Clearly, such extreme cases will require special attention when controlling risk. 

Hours Exposure/ annum Annual risk/ 10000 persons Approx, atuiual risk/person... 

Risk exposure ratio (RER) The ratio of the risk exposure to the project cost, the RER is calculated by dividing the TRE by the total project budget or projected cost. Assuming a uniform budget and unit cost based on total cost divided by total number of units, the RER can also be calculated by dividing the ARE by the annual project budget or cost or by dividing the URE by the unit cost. 

Barriers/Controls 5) All tubing and/or equipment connections have been field welded to ensure an adequate seal. System is visually inspected on an annual basis and hydrostatically leak tested every 5 years. Controlled Risk Assessment 5) Barriers/controls considered adequate. The addition of a dye-penetrant analysis of all field joints would further reduce the possibility of hazard risk exposure. Enforced No Smoking policies around oxygen panels by the hospital staff and the patients will also decrease the risk potential. A Controlled RAC of2E is assigned. 

ABSTRACT Occupational risk rates per hour of exposure are quantified for 63 occupational hazards for the Dutch working population. Data were obtained from the analysis of more than 9000 accidents that occurred over a period of six years in the Netherlands and resulted in three types of reportable consequences under Dutch law a) fatal injury, b) permanent injury, c) recoverable injury requiring at least one day hospitalisation. A Bayesian uncertainty assessment on the value of the risk rates has been performed. Annual risks for each of the 63 occupational hazards have been calculated including the variability induced by the variability of the annual exposure of the working population to these hazards. Suitability of three risk measures, individual risk rates, individual annual risk and number of accident occurred is examined and commented upon. 

Minimum risk estimates are sometimes used to quantify either maximum exposure in monetary terms or, in the case of an annual work plan containing multiple projects, to help determine the proportion of firm projects. Firm projects are those which have budget cover even if costs overrun. A minimum risk estimate is one with little or no probability of overrun, and can be used to reflect the risk associated with very complex or novel projects. 

Exposure to sulfur dioxide in the ambient air has been associated with reduced lung function, increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and premature mortality. Children, the elderly, and those already suffering from respiratory ailments, such as asthmatics, are especially at risk. Health impacts appear to be linked especially to brief exposures to ambient concentrations above 1,000 ixg/in (acute exposures measured over 10 minutes). Some epidemiologic studies, however, have shown an association between relatively low annual mean levels and excess mortality. It is not clear whether long-... 

Less Information Is available for the other three pollutants shown In the tables. In Industrial countries In North America and Europe air quality monitoring Indicates that NOj levels may Increase risk to 15-20 percent of the residents. Exceedances of the shortterm guideline for CO appear relatively common In the reporting cities. Such exposures are likely to occur In locations with high traffic densities. With regard to Pb levels, approximately 20% of the cities have annual average lead concentration levels which exceed the WHO guideline. 

Exposure to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is also a concern for women who are sexually active. It is estimated that 15 million people in the United States become newly infected annually with an STD.5 Given that not all methods of contraception protect the user adequately against STDs, the provision of proper patient education by health care professionals regarding this risk is absolutely essential. 

Otitis media is most common in children between 6 months and 2 years of age but can occur in all age groups, including adults. By 12 months of age, 75% of children have had at least one episode of otitis media, and up to 20% have recurrent infections.3,4 At least 13 million antibiotic prescriptions are written annually in the United States for otitis media, resulting in 2 billion in direct costs.5 Many risk factors (Table 69-1) predispose children to otitis media and can be associated with microbial resistance, such as day-care attendance, prior antibiotic exposure, and age younger than 2 years.3,4,6... 

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