Annealed materials

For welded construction with work-hardened grades, use the stresses for annealed material for welded construction with precipitation-hardened grades, use the special allowable stresses for welded constrnction given in die tables. 

Single values are maximum values except those in parentheses, which are minimum values. P and S values are 0.04 maximum. "Typical room-temperature properties for solution-annealed material unless otherwise noted. 

Annealed. Material which is fully annealed to obtain the lowest-strength condition... 

The anodic dissolution of nickel is also dependent on the amount of cold work in the metal and in the active region the anodic current density of cold worked material at a given potential is up to one order of magnitude greater than that of annealed material. 

Surface condition Machined, abraded and pickled surfaces all exhibit much the same behaviour in water, and after exposure of up to about one year at temperatures less than I00°C average attack measures 0 0025-0 0050mm/y. Almost always, however, corrosion of beryllium in water is accompanied by pitting and, on machined surfaces, pits of as much as 0-25mm have been observed in 0-0005M hydrogen peroxide at 85°C. Under similar conditions, annealed material has been found to be somewhat less resistant to attack than either machined or pickled surfaces. 

The strains needed to initiate cracks in both the annealed and the sensitised materials were obtained using tapered slow-strain-rate specimens and the data are given in Fig. 8.36. As can be seen, there is little temperature dependence of the strain needed to initiate cracks in sensitised material whereas the annealed material was most susceptible to cracking at about 250°C. These results indicate the complicated response of Type 316 stainless steel to applied potential and demonstrate that, even though environmentally-assisted cracking may be generated by severe test methods, in this case the slow-strain-rate test, the results obtained must be used with care. For instance, the cracking of the annealed material at low potentials... 

All real metals contain dislocations even a well-annealed metal would typically contain 10 dislocations per square millimetre, while a heavily cold-worked metal could contain up to lO Vmm. At first sight this is an anomaly dislocations were postulated to account for the low yield strength of metals, and whereas an annealed material with a low dislocation density is weak, a cold-worked metal with a high dislocation density is strong. The answer lies in the fact that when the dislocation density is low, the dislocations are generally too far apart to interact with each other very often and are more free to move under the influence of a low applied stress. On the... 

Making comparisons between literature data using different measurement techniques is therefore many times not possible. In addition, there is the problem with surface decomposition at higher annealing temperatures, discussed in Section 4.3.1, that may strongly affect the formation and reproducibility of electrical contacts produced on implanted and annealed material. In this section we will nevertheless try to evaluate and compare recent achievements in this important field and describe a selected number of recent results on activation studies on both donors and acceptors. 

Lumpkin, G. R., Smith, K. L., Blackford, M. G., Giere, R. Williams, C. T. 19986. The crystal-line-amorphous transformation in natural zircono-lite evidence for long-term annealing. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 506, 215-222. 

Fig. 42. Reentrant behaviour in modified H0N12B2C samples, (a) Annealing of polycrystalline H0N12B2C1.1 at 1 IOO°C for 10 days or 20 days results in reentrant behaviour whereas less intensely annealed material (A and +) shows no reentrant behaviour (Schmidt et al. 1997). (b) Reentrant behaviour caused by substitution of Ni by Co (Schmidt 1997). x — ac susceptibility, p — electrical resistivity.

Line defects in crystals such as screw or edge dislocations are quite common in solid substances. The typical length of all dislocation in 1 m3 of annealed material amounts to 1010 m (10 km in 1 cm3). The so-called dislocation density is defined as ... 

Nickel-copper alloys The physical properties ate foi annealed material. Both the tensile strength and hardness can vary with form and heat treatment condition. 

The initial characterization of the products was carried out by powder XRD measurements on thin films in transmission. Powder morphology was examined by SEM analysis. As an example in Fig. 11.6 the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of CoTi03/La displays the formation of single phase compound with CoTi03-structure (literature data ICSD 48107). The SEM image of the annealed material shows particles with a diameter of 30-100nm. All annealed materials appeared as open porous networks of interconnected particles, which should allow good interaction between gas and surface. 

The importance of structural disorder in the metal is considered and the behaviour of well annealed material is compared to structurally less stable but clean metal surfaces. The processes that occur in the development of particulate deposits have been followed. Auger analysis of individual morphologies has highlighted particular problems in the analysis of carbon deposits after ion etching. 

The Influences of Metal Structure. The formation of a continuous laminar carbon film over extended areas of the surface appears to be a characteristic of precipitation on a well-annealed metal. Structural disorder may be introduced by successive dissolution-precipitation cycles, or may remain as the cold-worked zone on non-annealed material. In both cases, a greater proportion of the mound-type of deposit is expected, which has a carbon overlayer identical to the continuous laminar carbon layer. 

Fig. 8. Effect of sulfur content on the cyclic oxidation behavior of NiAl. The as-received material contained 20ppmw S and the sulfur content of the hydrogen annealed material was calculated to be less than 1 ppmw.

The quantitative measurement of the effect of annealing of poly(vinyl chloride) near the glass transition temperature was described by Foltz and McKinney (160). The method is based on the use of a quenched sample of the polymer as the reference material the DSC curve so obtained is then the difference in heat energy between the sample and the annealed material. By this technique it is possible to measure small energy differences which in the usual procedure appear as minor inflections on the slope of the Tg curve or as irregularities prior to the start of the glass transition. 

Results of the determination of CO, SO, NO, and other gases with carbonates, sulfates and nitrates have been already reported by the inventors of the method [29]. The lower limit for measurements of traces with solid oxoanionic electrolytes in galvanic cells is given by the decomposition pressures of the solid electrolytes at the cell temperature. Trace measurements however are also influenced largely by adsorption equilibria on the surface of the used materials. Installations made of unused annealed materials have to be used for such measurements. The lowest SO, concentrations measured at 840 °C run to 4 10 " [94]. 

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