Viscosity builder

Nonionie Detergents. Nonionic surfactants rarely are used as the primary cleansing additives ia shampoos. They are generally poor foaming, but have value as additives to modify shampoo properties, eg, as viscosity builders, solubilizers, emulsifiers, and conditioning aids. 

Water-Based Muds. About 85% of all drilling fluids are water-based systems. The types depend on the composition of the water phase (pH, ionic content, etc), viscosity builders (clays or polymers), and rheological control agents (deflocculants or dispersants (qv)). 

CMC/PAC sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose anionic 140 filtration control, viscosity builder sensitive to salinity, multivalent ions... 

HEC hydroxyethyl cellulose nonionic 110 viscosity builder, acid degradable primarily for completion/workover fluids... 

High molecular weight polyacrylamides are used as viscosity builders in freshwater muds (53) or as bentonite extenders. The ionic nature of the polyacrylamide may range from nonionic to anionic (30% hydrolyzed) depending on the situation. Molecular weights ranging from >3 x 10 are used for this purpose. Polymer concentrations of 0.7—2.8 kg/m (0.25—1.0 Ib/bbl) are used depending on the appHcation. 

Partially hydrolyzed grades are used in many cosmetic appHcations for their emulsifying, thickening, and film-forming properties. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is also used as a viscosity builder for aqueous solutions and dispersions. 

A commercial bacterial cellulose product (CeUulon) was recently introduced by Weyerhaeuser (12). The fiber is produced by an aerobic fermentation of glucose from com symp in an agitated fermentor (13,14). Because of a small particle diameter (10 P-m), it has a surface area 300 times greater than normal wood cellulose, and gives a smooth mouthfeel to formulations in which it is included. CeUulon has an unusual level of water binding and works with other viscosity builders to improve their effectiveness. It is anticipated that it wiU achieve GRAS status, and is neutral in sensory quaUty microcrystaUine ceUulose has similar attributes. 

In 1970, Monroe and Rooker(28) claimed the use of aluminum salts of acid orthophosphate esters as viscosity builders for use in fracturing fluids. The application of these materials began a new era of hydrocarbon gelling agents. Monroe(29) later claimed the use of Fe30it as a metal activator of phosphate esters and in 1971 described several other metals(30) that could be used with amine neutralization agents. Numerous metallic ionic derivatives can be used as effective "activators" or crosslinkers to prepare a gel. 

Compositions and functions of typical commercial products in the 2-alkyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines series are given in Table 29. 2-Alkyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines are used in hydrocarbon and aqueous systems as antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, emulsifiers, softeners, and viscosity builders. They are prepared by heating the salt of a carboxylic acid with (2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine at 150—160°C to form a substituted amide 1 mol water is eliminated to form the substituted imidazoline with further heating at 180—200°C. Substituted imidazolines yield three series of cationic surfactants by ethoxylation to form more hydrophilic products quatemization with benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, and other alkyl halides and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to amine oxides. 

Ophthalmic Sterile, isotonic, pH close to that of tears viscosity builder Eye treatment... 

Use Viscosity builder and solubility retarder for cosmetics, soaps, and shampoos. 

D% Gelling, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent and viscosity builder in foods and non -foods, but esp in milk or tntcr systems. Demulcent. To induce experimental inflam-mitka in laboratory animals. 

Binder, disintegrant, viscosity builder Sustained release matrix, suspending agent Diluent, sweetener... 

Diluent, sweetener, dissolution enhancer Binder, suspending agent, viscosity builder, disintegrant... 

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