Cationic surfactants properties

Uses Surfactant, corrosion inhibitor for oil field use intermediate in m. of other cationic surfactants Properties Pale amber liq. 100% act. 

CAS 61792-31-2 67806-104 EINECS/ELINCS 263-218-7 267-191-2 Uses Foam booster/stabilizer, conditioner, wetting agent, vise, modifier, emollient, detergent for shampoos, hand soaps, bubble baths, hair conditioners, l l cleaners, wax strippers, all-purpose cleansers Features Can be formulated with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants Properties Cl. liq., sp.gr. 0.96 vise. 45 cps pour pt. 4 C flash pt. > 200 F pH (10% aq.) 7-9 30% act. 

Uses Secondary surfactant for shampoos, bath gels, liquid soaps and facial cleansers cleansing agent viscosity builder solubilizer Features Mild works synergistically with anionic surfactants to build excellent foam stability and flash foaming characteristics compat. with other nonionic surfactants and most anionic and cationic surfactants Properties VCS 2 max. cl. thin liq. mild fatty odor water-disp. sp. gr. 0.999 HLB 7 acid no. 5.0 max. sapon. no. 145-155... 

Uses Emulsifier for paraffins, waxes raw material for foam-controlled detergents, toilet blocks cleaning agent for cars, floor care, and furniture Features Can be used with anionic and cationic surfactants Properties Pastilles dens. 0.999-1.005 g/ml HLB 15.4 hyd. no. 49-53 solid, pt. 

Uses Emuisifier, deaning agenL dispersant, soiubiiizer in cosmetics Fe ures High HLB exc. compat. with nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants Properties Liq 70% act. 

Features Very mild good foaming props. good tolerance of water hardness creates a hard crystalline dry residue compat. with anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants not compat. with cationic surfactants Properties Bright yel, turbid paste (tends to precipitate) pH 6.5-7.5 (5% solids) ... 

Uses Cosurfactant providing outstanding lather and foam enhancement, cleansing, emolliency, conditioning, and vise, building props, for bubble baths, shampoo formulations, body cleansers, and various other personal care formulations exc. compat. with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants Properties Pale yel. cl. Iiq. water-sol. pH 6.8 30% solids Monalube 29-78 [Croda Inc]... 

Tarazona A, Kreisig S, Koglin E and Schwuger M J 1997 Adsorption properties of two cationic surfactant classes on silver surfaces studied by means of SERS spectroscopy and ab initio calculations Prog. Colloid Polym. Sol. 103 181-92... 

The higher aUphatic amine oxides are commercially important because of their surfactant properties and are used extensively in detergents. Amine oxides that have surface-acting properties can be further categorized as nonionic surfactants however, because under acidic conditions they become protonated and show cationic properties, they have also been called cationic surfactants. Typical commercial amine oxides include the types shown in Table 1. 

Higher order aUphatic quaternary compounds, where one of the alkyl groups contains - 10 carbon atoms, exhibit surface-active properties (167). These compounds compose a subclass of a more general class of compounds known as cationic surfactants (qv). These have physical properties such as substantivity and aggregation ia polar media (168) that give rise to many practical appHcations. In some cases the ammonium compounds are referred to as iaverse soaps because the charge on the organic portion of the molecule is cationic rather than anionic. 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

For a more detailed description or modeling of the surfactant properties of the alkanesulfonates it is necessary to use individual, well-defined compounds typical of the technical mixtures. Recently, new data were obtained from a series of individual homologous alkanesulfonates in which the positions of the functional group and the cations vary [38]. 

It is difficult to find an industrial sector that does not use alcohol sulfates or alcohol ether sulfates. These surfactants are rendered so versatile in their chemical structure through varying their alkyl chain distribution, the number of moles of ethylene oxide, or the cation that it is possible to find the adequate sulfate achieving the highest mark in nearly every surfactant property. This and the relative low cost are the two main reasons for their vast industrial use. 

In a patent survey [76] about shampoos over the period 1968-1978 the so-called cryptoanionic alkyl ether carboxylate based on tridecyl alcohol with 6.5 mol EO has been mentioned for a conditioning shampoo in combination with an amphoteric and cationic surfactant [77]. Because of the low interference with cationic surfactants no negative effect on the conditioning properties has been found [78]. 

Besides these normal technical products, many other different types of a-sulfo fatty acid esters have been described in the literature. For example, Weil et al. prepared a-sulfopalmitates and stearates with higher alcohols [19] and also monoesters of polyhydric alcohol [39] and of hexitols and sucrose [40] for their special properties. In addition to the sodium salt, Stirton et al. used other cations, such as Li, NH4, K, Mg, and Ca, to study the relationship between the structure and the surfactant properties [30]. 

NMR measurements are very useful to understand the properties of the stabilizing reagents of metal nanoparticles. Author s group reported the structure of stabilization of non-ionic and cationic surfactants on platinum nanoparticles [22] and that of ternary amines on rhodium nanoparticles [23]. Such information is considerably important for applications of nanoparticles such as... 

Nearly all nonionic surfactants contain the same type of hydrophobes as do anionic and cationic surfactants, with solubilisation and surfactant properties arising from the addition of ethylene oxide to give a product having the general formula 9.40. Usually, depending on the... 

As mentioned in Table 8.1, amphoteric surfactants contain both an anionic and a cationic group. In acidic media they tend to behave as cationic agents and in alkaline media as anionic agents. Somewhere between these extremes lies what is known as the isoelectric point (not necessarily, or even commonly, at pH 7), at which the anionic and cationic properties are counterbalanced. At this point the molecule is said to be zwitterionic and its surfactant properties and solubility tend to be at their lowest. These products have acquired a degree of importance as auxiliaries in certain ways [20-25], particularly as levelling agents in the application of reactive dyes to wool. 

X. Zhang, J. Zhang, R. Wang, and Z. Liu, Cationic surfactant directed polyaniline/CNT nanocables synthesis, characterization, and enhanced electrical properties. Carbon 42, 1455—1461 (2004). 

DTDMAC was the first widely used cationic surfactant produced at the industrial scale since the 1960s. Its main application was as a fabric softening active agent. Due to its physico-chemical properties, largely determined by the positively charged head group and the long alkyl chains, it adsorbs onto fabrics and makes textiles feel soft. 

Even if this class covers the smallest market segment, amphoteric surfactants still remain useful because of their unique properties, which justifies their comparably high manufacturing costs. Since they have partial anionic and cationic character, they can be compatible, under specific conditions, with both anionic and cationic surfactants. They can function in acid or basic pH systems and, at their isoelectric point, they exhibit special behaviour. Many amphoteric surfactants demonstrate exceptional foaming and detergency properties combined with antistatic effects. 

Taking into consideration its physico-chemical properties, removal efficiencies, low biodegradability, predicted environmental levels, toxicity, and the need to provide sufficient safety margins for aquatic organisms, the demand for alternative cationic surfactants arose. Since 1991, DTDMAC has been replaced in some European countries due to producer s voluntary initiatives with new quaternary ammonium compounds, the esterquats. These contain an ester function in the hydrophobic chain (Table 1.3) that can be easily cleaved, releasing intermediates that are susceptible to ultimate degradation [24-26]. The effects of the phasing-out and replacement of DTDMAC can be demonstrated by the results of a Swiss study, where the surfactant... 

A broad range of silicone surfactants are commercially available, representing all of the structural classes—anionic, non-ionic, cationic, and amphoteric. The silicone moiety is lyophobic, i.e. lacking an affinity for a medium, and surfactant properties are achieved by substitution of lyophilic groups to this backbone. The most common functionalities used are polyethylene glycols however, a broad range exist, as shown in Table 2.8.1 [2,3]. 

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