Animal tissue, composition

Animal cells, surroundings of 431-443 Animal tissue, composition of 31 Ankyrin 405... 

The TEM is one of the most generally useful microscopes many thousands of them ate in daily use throughout the world. They ate appHcable to the study of ultrafine particles (eg, pigments abrasives and carbon blacks) as well as microtomed thin sections of plant and animal tissue, paper, polymers, composites of all kinds, foods, industrial materials, etc. Even metals can be thinned to sections thin enough for detailed examination. 

The isotopic composition of carbon in the proteins, which are one of the main components of animal tissues, reflects the nature of the food resources in the diet of the animals. Determining the relative abundance of the stable isotopes of carbon in the proteins of bones or hair, for example, can facilitate understanding of the effects that different types of plants or animal food resources had on ancient diets (Katzenberg 2000 Burton 1996). 

Because plants are able to synthesize carotenoids de novo, the carotenoid composition of plant foods is enriched by the presence of small or trace amounts of biosynthetic precursors, along with derivatives of the main components. Although commonly thought of as plant pigments, carotenoids are also encountered in some animal foods. Animals are incapable of carotenoid biosynthesis thus their carotenoids need to be derived from the diet. Selectively or unselectively absorbed, carotenoids accumulate in animal tissues unchanged or slightly modified into typical animal carotenoids. 

Clawson, W.J., A.L. Lesperance, V.R. Bohman, and D.C. Layhee. 1972. Interrelationship of dietary molybdenum and copper on growth and tissue composition of cattle. Jour. Anim. Sci. 34 516-520. 

Probably, one of the most valuable advances in this field has dealt with the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of the stable isotope-enriched heparin from a uniformly double labelled 13C, 15N /V-acetylheparosan from E. coli K5. Heteronuclear, multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to analyze the chemical composition and solution conformation of N-acety 1 hcparosan, the precursors, and heparin. Isotopic enrichment was found to provide well-resolved 13C spectra with the high sensitivity required for conformational studies of these biomolecules. Stable isotope-labelled heparin was indistinguishable from heparin derived from animal tissues and might be employed as a novel tool for studying the interaction of heparin with different receptors.30... 

In order to achieve the firm fixation of the artificial cornea to host tissues, composites of collagen-immobilized poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with hydroxyapatite were synthesized by a hydroxyapatite particles kneading method. The preparation method, characterization, and the results of corneal cell adhesion and proliferation on the composite material were studied. PVA-COL-HAp composites were successfully synthesized. A micro-porous structure of the PVA-COL-HAp could be introduced by hydrochloric acid treatment and the porosity could be controlled by the pH of the hydrochloric acid solution, the treatment time, and the crystallinity of the HAp particles. Chick embryonic keratocyto-like cells were well attached and proliferated on the PVA-COL-HAp composites. This material showed potential for keratoprosthesis application. Further study such as a long-term animal study is now required [241]. 

It is obvious that one should not expect to find in the literature extensive information regarding the composition of the brains, livers, or even muscles of healthy human individualsespecially so since repeated samples would have to be taken for analysis in order to determine conclusively the importance of inter-individual differences. The best that could be hoped for would be extensive "horizontal" studies relative to the composition of blood, secretions, etc., of individual human specimens and, perhaps, more comprehensive data including tissue composition with respect to animals. However, satisfactory studies of this sort have seldom, if ever, been made. More often than not, such horizontal studies as have been made have not been published in complete enough form to give the kind of information needed to answer the questions which we are considering. 

Table 1-4 compares the composition of a bacterium, of a green plant, and of an active animal tissue (rat liver). Although the solid matter of cells consists principally of C, H, O, N, S, and P, many other chemical elements are also present. Among the cations, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are found in relatively large amounts. Tlius, the body of a 70 kg person contains 1050 g Ca (mostly in the bones), 245 g K, 105 g Na, and 35 g Mg. Iron (3 g), zinc (2.3 g), and rubidium (1.2 g) are the next most abundant. Of these iron and zinc are essential to life but rubidium is probably not. It is evidently taken up by the body together with potassium. 

At least two distinct FDPases are found in animal tissues, one in liver and kidney, and the other in white muscle. The liver and kidney enzymes show minor differences in amino acid composition and in their response to agents, such as pyridoxal phosphate (4%), but these differences may be the result of modification during isolation (see above). On the other hand, the muscle enzyme is distinctly different in immunological properties as well as in amino acid composition (63, 74). All of the mammalian FDPases are similar in having a molecular weight of approximately 135,000, and all are composed of four subunits the... 

The robustness of a sample preparation technique is characterized by the reliability of the instrumentation used and the variability (precision) of the information obtained in the subsequent sample analysis. Thus, variations in controlled parameters and sequences are to be avoided. In sample preparation methods employing supercritical fluids as the extracting solvents, it has been our experience that minimal variations in efficient analyte recoveries are possible using a fully automated extraction system. The extraction solvent operating parameters under automated control are temperature, pressure (thus density), composition and flow rate through the sample. The precision of the technique will be discussed by presenting replicability, repeatability, and reproducibility data for the extraction of various analytes from such matrices as sands and soils, river sediment, and plant and animal tissue. Censored data will be presented as an indicator of instrumental reliability. 

Ecological applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy - a tool for rapid, cost-effective prediction of the composition of plant and animal tissues and aspects of animal performance. Oecologia, 116, 293-305. 

Similar descriptions apply to animal tissues, except that the cellular materials can themselves be fibrous (as in muscle) within a fibrous network of connecting collagen. This complexity is far greater than is found in engineering materials for which the mathematical understanding of composite materials has been developed. Worse, biological materials deform by large amounts (more than 1%) and are nonlinear, both... 

In addition to the fact that plants differ in their 6 C values, another factor of major importance in nutritional studies is that the carbon isotope ratios of animal tissues and products (e.g., feces or breath CO2) resemble the isotopic composition of animal diets (15-18). Consequently, by analyzing animal tissue, feces, or stomach contents, it is possible to determine whether an animal s diet consists of C3 plants, Ci, plants, or a mixture of both. In ecological studies, the technique is most useful in situations where C3 and Ci, plants coexist, such as in grasslands or deserts. 

One method that has been used to acquire carbohydrates is isolation and purification from natural sources such as human or animal tissue, milk, urine, plants, and bacteria (see cross reference Isolation of glycans). Access to homogeneous carbohydrate stmctures can be challenging due to the difficulties in separation of complex mixtures, identification of carbohy-drate(s) contained within each fraction, and preparation of sufficient quantities from the limited amounts present in a particular sample. Alternatively, mixtures of unknown composition can be used to survey a broad repertoire of the glycome. On identification of a mixture containing one or more members with interesting receptor-binding properties, the mixture can then be deconvoluted by further fractionation and separation by routine analytical techniques (13). 

Phospholipids in liver, kidney, muscle, and other tissues. Organ meats such as liver, kidney, and muscles are a major source of dietary phospholipids. The reader is referred to Kuksis (16) for the distribution of various phospholipid classes in the liver, kidney, muscles (heart and skeletal), spleen, lung, blood cells, bile, and adipose tissue of different animal species. Compositional data of fatty acids for these tissues and fluids are also given. 

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