Human specimens

It is obvious that one should not expect to find in the literature extensive information regarding the composition of the brains, livers, or even muscles of healthy human individualsespecially so since repeated samples would have to be taken for analysis in order to determine conclusively the importance of inter-individual differences. The best that could be hoped for would be extensive "horizontal" studies relative to the composition of blood, secretions, etc., of individual human specimens and, perhaps, more comprehensive data including tissue composition with respect to animals. However, satisfactory studies of this sort have seldom, if ever, been made. More often than not, such horizontal studies as have been made have not been published in complete enough form to give the kind of information needed to answer the questions which we are considering. 

While it has been known for centuries that bloodhounds, for example, can tell individuals apart even by the attenuated odors from their bodies left on a trail, the first scientific work which hinted at the existence of substantial biochemical distinctiveness in human specimens was the discovery of blood groups by Landsteinei about 1900. 

Small, portable Raman systems that can be used in the clinic are very important. It is often difficult to obtain ethics committee permission to remove human specimens from the clinic. The system should be small and tough, and it must be enough sensitive to detect the weak Raman spectra of biological tissues. We recommend to check carefully the toughness of Raman spectrometer, CCD detector, and laser as well as performance, before purchasing. It is warm and humid in the clinic. The system should be air cooled and does not emit radio wave not to affect clinical instruments. 

German Environmental Specimen Bank Established to systematically collect, process, characterize, and store environmental samples. Blood and other human specimens have been collected since 1981 from about 100 unexposed persons (German Federal Environmental Agency 2006). 

Regarding laboratory certification for private laboratories, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) state the conditions that all laboratories must meet to be certified to perform testing on human specimens under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (57 FR 7139, Feb. 28,1992). The requirements do not apply to any... 

The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004). The bank collects six types of human specimens— whole blood, blood plasma, scalp hair, pubic hair, saliva, and 24-hour urine samples from people 20-29 years old in four cities (Munster, Halle/ Saale, Greifswald, and Ulm). Screening is conducted to determine the pres-... 

The Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank is a centralized storage bank that has been operational for 20 years. It conducts annual sampling of a variety of environmental and human specimens for use in a number of studies, including retrospective analyses. Regional banks store human blood for use in these studies (European Commission 2004). 

UK Biobank is a long-term human-specimen bank that will be initiated at full scale in 2006, although pilot projects are under way. The project will collect information, including blood (fractioned to plasma or serum) and urine samples, from 500,000 participants 40-69 years old. The study will follow participants over 20-30 years to study progression of chronic diseases. 

Improvement in the array of chemicals capable of being measured in human specimens is needed. For example, the Government Accountability Office (GAO, previously the General Accounting Office) assembled a non-exhaustive list of 1,456 chemicals considered by the Department of Health and Human Services, EPA, or other federal entities to pose a threat to human health (GAO 2000). Laboratory methods have not been developed and validated to measure most of them. The recent NHANES report, which provided... 

Developing a mechanism to expand interlaboratory comparison programs to include a broader array of chemical targets in human specimens no broadly based program exists in the United States. 

Biomonitoring Defined as one method for assessing human exposure to chemicals by measuring the chemicals or their metabolites in human specimens, such as blood or urine. 

Grewe PH, Deneke T, Machraoui A, et al. Acute and chronic tissue response to coronary stent implantation pathologic findings in human specimen, J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 ... 

Pietsch J, Gunther J, Henle T, DreBler J (2008) Simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids in a human specimen by SPE and HPLC. J Sep Sci 31 2410-2416... 

Lim MD, Dickherber A, Compton CC (2011) Before you analyze a human specimen, think quality variability and bias. Anal Chem 83(1) 8—13. doi 10.1021/acl018974... 

Jessani N, Niessen S, Wei BQ et al (2005) A streamlined platform for high-content functional proteomics of primary human specimens. Nat Methods 2 691-697... 

Human specimens. In our laboratory, we first developed a good laboratory practice (GLP)-validated procedure for quantification of intact rafAON in control human plasma. The rafAON assay validation endpoints were standard curve, between-run precision and accuracy, within-run precision and accuracy, effects of dilution and freeze thaw, stability of rafAON at -80° C, and 4°C in plasma for various times, specificity, integrity of rafAON during plasma sample collection and processing, and lipid interference. The reader is referred to a previous citation for further details (17,27). 

Prototheca is a ubiquitous achlorophyllous green alga (fig. 1) that lives on decaying organic matter and exhibits a yeast-like growth pattern. Human infection usually involves the skin and underlying tissues. R wickerhamii (fig. 1) is recovered most often from human specimens, while P. zopfli usually is associated with infections in animals [75]. 

Lim, M.D., Dickherber, A., Compton, C.C. Before you analyze a human specimen think quality, variability, and bias. Anal. Chem. 83, 8-13 (2011)... 

The magnitude of the two thermally induced contractions is quite uniform among samples of newborn rat corneum, but considerable variation is encountered with human corneum, particularly for the 196 °C contraction. The contraction values for human corneum samples varied from 1 to 5% but were quite consistent for any given subject. The increased magnitude for this contraction in some human specimens could indicate a higher degree of orientation of the crystalline fibrous material 11). 

K. S. Subramanian, Canadian Human Specimen Bank an emerging Great Lakes health effects program, Sci. Total Environ., 139/140 (1993), 109-121. 

In contrast to the concerns about overregulation were concerns about underregulation of persons engaged in relatively simple laboratory activities such as health screenings.Under the CLIA 1988 regulations, persons collecting human specimens for patient care purposes using specified, relatively simple equipment and... 

We thank D. Leiby of American Red Cross and L. Kirchhoff of Goldfinch Inc for providing RIPA confirmed Chagas positive human specimens for our evaluation. Furthermore, we appreciate their help in using RIPA to confirm true positive samples with antibodies to T. cruzi. 

They also developed a sensor for the detection of herpes viruses [43]. The sensor was used to specifically detect five hiunan herpes viruses, herpes simplex type 1 and 2, viracella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-barr virus. Of the immobilisation procedures tested, protein A was best in terms of reusability, sensitivity and stabihty. Each virus was measured hnearly from 54 to 1 X 10 virions/crystal. The sensor was reusable 18 times and stable for 8 weeks without detectable loss in activity. When apphed to complex human specimen no non-specific effects were observed and the sensor performed identically for each virus as it did in buffer. 

Fig. 12.5 The Multi-Markered BioincJication Concept (MMBC) with its functional and integrated windows of prophylactic health care (from Markert et al. 2003a). Explanations in the text. DAT (for data), ECO (for ecology), ESB (for environmental specimen banking), TRE (for trend), MED (for medicine) and HSB (for human specimen banking) designate individual toolboxes and their test sets.

Shinohara a, Chiba M and Inaba Y (1999) Determination of germanium in human specimens comparative study of atomic absorption spectrometry and microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry. 

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