Standard score

Standard score. Ordinate of normal distrihiition curve, p z) Area under normal curve, cumulative prohahility, v = [ pis)ds o ... 

Due to plate-to-plate variations from different days or runs a normalizing step is necessary to render the data comparable across entire screens. We have developed several KNIME nodes for popular normalization methods in HTS such as POC, normalized percentage inhibition (NPI), standard score (z-score), and 5-score (26). For all nodes, robust statistics, grouping, negative control, and parameters can be chosen. The method chosen for normalization is dependent on the screening results and the normality of the data. A fiill discussion on this issue is beyond the scope of this chapter and the reader is referred to excellent reviews (27, 28). 

Based on standardized scoring procedures (Rechtschaffen and Kales 1968), the entire sleep period is internally characterized as either rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or non-REM sleep, the latter including stages 1, 2, 3, and 4. Furthermore, stages 3 and 4 form the so-called slow-wave sleep (SWS). In this section, we describe the sleep stage characteristics of depression. 

Goldstein, N.S. and M. Armin. 2001. Epidermal growth factor receptor immu-nohistochemical reactivity in patients with American J oint Committee on stage IVcolon adenocarcinoma implications for a standardized scoring. Cancer 92 1331-1346. 

Primary Physical Dependence capacity is measured on days 11 and 17 when all animals receive an injection of 10 mg/kg of naltrexone or naloxone i.p. in the morning. Signs of withdrawal are recorded during a 30 to 60 min period. Rats are scored for the presence or absence of withdrawal signs (e.g. diarrhea, wet-dog-type shaking) using standardized scoring. 

Comeal organ culture combined with objectively quantifiable assays for comeal epithelial barrier disruption reduces the high variability associated to the subjectively scored Draize Test. Although the surface biotinylation allows for an objective outcome measure, the scoring system is not yet quantitatively comparable for assessment of ocular irritancy to multiple test products. As it is utilized more extensively in varied laboratories with numerous test chemicals a standardized scoring system can be elicited similar to the familiar Draize Test. 

The neonatal abstinence syndrome occurs in 30-80% of infants whose mothers have taken opiates during pregnancy. The incidence is higher in those whose mothers have a history of opioid dependence and are taking methadone maintenance than in those who are taking methadone for chronic pain (39). The methadone blood concentration may be a useful predictor of the likelihood of severe withdrawal requiring treatment, but clinical assessment by a standardized scoring system is still required to determine the need to treat the neonatal abstinence syndrome (40). 

In order to assess the relative performance of the participating laboratories z-scores, sometimes referred to as standard scores , were utilized. 

A reanalysis of the assessment at 4 years of age was undertaken using the average of the standardized scores for cord serum, maternal serum, and milk PCB values. All values below the detection level (66.9% of cord and 22.5% maternal serum values) were discarded (Jacobson and Jacobson 1997). 

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