Actual level

The actual level of the ramp voltage needed to be summed into the current ramp signal at the end of the maximum on-time is... 

If 2.125 < Z] < 2.8, the density difference disappears and the calculations become uncertain if z s 2.8, the plume has reached its maximum height below the actual level. 

The somewhat controversial theory of risk homeostasis is relevant to a discussion of risk taking. RHT was developed initially in the area of driving behavior (Wilde, 1984). The theory states that accident rates are not determined by actual levels of intrinsic risk but by the levels of risk acceptable to individuals in the situation. The theory implies that people adjust their risk-taking behavior to maintain a constant level of perceived risk. Thus, if improved safety measures are introduced (e.g., better guarding, improved protection systems then individuals will behave in a more risky fashion in order to maintain their accustomed levels of risk. 

The actual level of glucosinolates in the human diet depends upon many... 

It is therefore imperative to find a balance, with great care, between the extra restraints placed on the operator, the cost to the firm and the actual level of risk involved. 

As Wilkinson (1984) states, flexibility in grassland management is essential, particularly when young beef cattle are reared at pasture, or when store cattle or suckled calves are finished on grass. The overall goal must be to improve the predictability of beef cattle growth, so that plans made at the outset for the beef system are realistic and are reflected in the actual level of performance. 

SFE can be carried out in three different ways. In a static extraction (no flow-rate), the extraction vessel is pressurised to the desired pressure with the extracting fluid and then simply left for a certain length of time. The main benefit of this method is that the fluid has time to penetrate the matrix. It is most applicable when the analyte has a high affinity for the solvent and a low affinity for the matrix and also when the solubility limit of the analyte in the fluid is much higher than the actual level reached during the extraction [89]. This method was popular in early SFE experiments but has declined in favour of dynamic SFE. Here, fresh SCF is continuously passed over the sample, extracting soluble compounds and depositing them in a suitable solvent or on a solid trap. The dynamic mode is particularly useful when the concentration of the solute... 

Ohmori S, Harada K, Miura H. 1986a. Behavior of biological parameters for lead exposure in Japanese male workers I. Actual levels of parameters in different lead exposure. Kumamoto Med J 39 187-199. 

Fig. 2.4. Schematic representation of the different relationships between the important regions in phase space for the reference (0) and the target (1) systems, and their possible interpretation in terms of probability distributions - it should be clarified that because AU can be distributed in a number of different ways, there is no obvious one-to-one relation between P0(AU), or Pi (AU), and the actual level of overlap of the ensembles [14]. (a) The two important regions do not overlap, (b) The important region of the target system is a subset of the important region of the reference system, (c) The important region of the reference system overlaps with only a part of the important region of the target state. Then enhanced sampling techniques of stratification or importance sampling that require the introduction of an intermediate ensemble should be employed (d)...

As informed Dr. A.I. Korableva from Institute for Environmental Management and Ecology under the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the report "Environmental impact of automobile transport by example of Dnepropetrovsk", Dnepropetrovsk with its annual discharge of air pollutants of 177,000 t (as of 1996) is among the worst affected cities in Ukraine. In these, the automobile transport was found to be responsible for at least 30 % of the total emissions which are 15 times the maximum permissible level. Aside from the dust, chemical, photochemical and noise pollution, there is the aspect of street washout of automobile-related pollutants into the River Dnieper. The measured annual receipts of lead, particulates and petroleum derivatives via rainwater and thaw water to the river are 0.45, 80,000+ and 1.8+ t respectively. The actual levels of petroleum derivatives in storm water sometimes were 206 times the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for the fishery basins. At 34 km downstream from the city, the estimated levels of petroleum derivatives and particulates are 61 and 10.8 times the respective MPCs. The airborne lead is mainly accumulated in the soil of housing areas. 

The widespread use of -hexanc as an extractant in the laboratory creates problems in interpreting concentration readings at low levels. Even with good quality control, it may often be impossible to determine whether to attribute a measured value to the actual levels in a sample or to contamination from M-hexanc in the laboratory environment (Otson et al. 1994). For the most part, -hexane is not a common target analyte from water or soil samples. While data based on ambient air samples or sampling in the air of various workplace or residential environments are more numerous, most EPA regulatory programs rely on bulk measurements of total hydrocarbons or total volatile compounds rather than on measurements of specific compounds such as -hexane (Bishop et al. 1994 DeLuchi 1993). 

An emphasis on borrowing, with the multiplier firmly located in Marx s reproduction schema, is provided by the Domar model of economic growth. Instead of providing a snapshot of each period of production, the schema can be developed over an extended number of periods thereby providing a more complete picture of economic growth over time. The contribution of the following analysis will be to derive the model developed by Domar (1947) from foundations that are consistent with Marx s multisectoral schema. Domar s model is particularly suitable for this purpose because it specifies the conditions required for balanced growth. In contrast to Harrod s variant of the model, in which actual investment is determined by an accelerator mechanism, in Domar s model the actual level of investment... 

The actual levels at which additives are used in foods may differ from those listed in the EU Directives since these are intended to achieve the maximum technological effect. In practice use levels might be much lower. For example, it is not always necessary to create very intense colours and the amount of colourant needed will also depend on the natural colour of the matrix. Similarly, many sweeteners are used in combinations in order to control costs whilst avoiding unpleasant side-flavours. This means that in order to gain an accurate impression... 

Nonetheless, like most other aspects of odour control, there remain unanswered questions. Chief among these is the relationship between odour potential of a sludge, and the actual level of nuisance found during, say, application to land. Elucidating this relationship requires fairly extensive surveys, because of the variability of weather conditions. Paradoxically, such surveys would depend for their validity on the air sampling methods used the very source of inaccuracy that the Odom Potential test was developed to circumvent. 

The actual level of DO continuously maintained in the reactor has a marked effect on both the autotrophic and heterotrophic populations. 

Undoubtedly, the actual level of violative residues is somewhere between the upper and lower levels of the statistical range, and is probably closer to the... 

Autopsies of 77 Hawaiian individuals between 1966 and 1968 found heptachlor epoxide in tissues at levels ranging from 1 to 32 ppb (Klemmer et al. 1977). The highest levels of heptachlor epoxide occurred in bone marrow and liver, although the actual levels were not provided in the study. Autopsies of 271 patients with various terminal diseases detected heptachlor epoxide concentrations in fat (0.21 0.11-0.48 0.37 ppm) and to a lesser degree in liver and brain (trace to 0.05 ppm and trace to 0.01 ppm, respectively) (Radomski et al. 1968). There appeared to be no correlation between the cause of death and the heptachlor epoxide concentration or pesticide usage during the lifetime of the individual. 

Actual changes in performance were modest (Fig. 105). Alcohol levels of. 10% (10 mg%) were expected but, as with the above study by Sidell and Pless, actual levels reached this value in only 2 of 26 subjects. Mean blood level peaked at 0.07% at 1-2 hours. The officers indicated that they would have stopped 10% of placebo subjects, 32% of THC subjects, 50% of alcohol subjects and 60% of those with alcohol plus THC... 

Fischer (13) showed that endotoxin levels in the respirable airborne dust (<15ym) are a log higher in the carding areas than in the spinning areas of cotton mills. Actual levels may reach 95 ng/m in the carding areas. 

Levels of significant exposure for each exposure route and duration (for which data exist) are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual levels of exposure used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into "less serious" or "serious" effects. These distinctions are intended to help the users of the document identify the levels of exposure at which adverse health effects start to appear, determine whether or not the intensity of the effects varies with dose and/or duration, and place into perspective the possible significance of these effects to human health. 

The actual level of pressure that can be considered hypertensive is difficult to define it depends on a number of factors, including the patient s age, sex, race, and lifestyle. As a working definition, many cardiovascular treatment centers consider that a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher or a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher represents hypertension. In this chapter, ref-... 

T4 and T3 in plasma are reversibly bound to protein, primarily thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Only about 0.04% of total T4 and 0.4% of T3 exist in the free form. Many physiologic and pathologic states and drugs affect T4, T3, and thyroid transport. However, the actual levels of free hormone generally remain normal, reflecting feedback control. 

Each regulatory action, based solely, or mostly, on public concern and ignoring actual levels of risk, strengthens the public s belief in its risk perceptions as absolute justification for political and regulatory actions. The layman critical of experts will exclaim, You see, it was dangerous—we were right after all ... 

Used with common sense, the substitution doctrine does not seem unreasonable. If a less hazardous chemical can do the job, why not use it However, in practice, substitution can be required for almost any chemical product marketed in Sweden that fails to satisfy certain hazard criteria, irrespective of the actual level of risk its use carries. 

I agree with what Bull said with respect to his first two major points namely, if you focus on water reuse as in the Denver program, you want to consider the source of the water and then, secondly, the actual levels of the known toxicants. If Neal were here I think he would say, Let s study those compounds that are at high level—identify them and see if they re toxicants in any of the likely biological end points, and set your standards that way. ... 

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