Animal feed, method

The desugarization by-product is normally sold as a low value molasses. Pulse method systems also produce a relatively high value betaine-rich (at least 50% on soHds) fraction. The concentrated betaine-rich by-product is used as a custom animal feed, whose European markets are well estabUshed and may provide a future opportunity in the U.S. feed industry. Beet sugar molasses contains from 3 to 6% betaine, by weight, about three-quarters of which may be recoverable as a potential by-product ( 40 50% purity). 

Fermentative Manufacture. Throughout the years, riboflavin yields obtained by fermentation have been improved to the point of commercial feasibiUty. Most of the riboflavin thus produced is consumed in the form of cmde concentrates for the enrichment of animal feeds. Riboflavin was first produced by fermentation in 1940 from the residue of butanol—acetone fermentation. Several methods were developed for large-scale production (41). A suitable carbohydrate-containing mash is prepared and sterilised, and the pH adjusted to 6—7. The mash is buffered with calcium carbonate, inoculated with Clostridium acetohutylicum and incubated at 37—40°C for 2—3 d. The yield is ca 70 mg riboflavin/L (42) (see Fermentation). 

Numerous high pressure Hquid chromatographic techniques have been reported for specific sample forms vegetable oHs (55,56), animal feeds (57,58), seta (59,60), plasma (61,62), foods (63,64), and tissues (63). Some of the methods requite a saponification step to remove fats, to release tocopherols from ceHs, and/or to free tocopherols from their esters. AH requite an extraction step to remove the tocopherols from the sample matrix. The methods include both normal and reverse-phase hplc with either uv absorbance or fluorescence detection. AppHcation of supercritical fluid (qv) chromatography has been reported for analysis of tocopherols in marine oHs (65). 

One unit of bacitracin USP is defined as the activity given by 26 micrograms of the dried FDA master standard. The USP requirement for commercial bacitracin is a potency of at least 40 units per milligram in a bioassay with Micrococcusflavus or Sarcina lutea. Pure bacitracin A has a potency of about 100 units per milligram. Standards for animal feed grades of bacitracin are available (71,81,82) as are analytical methods (67). 

Specifications and Standards Test Methods. Ethylcellulose is cleared foi many apphcations in food and food contact under the Eedeial Eood, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act, as amended. Examples include binder in dry vitamin preparations for animal feed, coatings and inks for paper and paperboard products used in food packaging, and closures with sealing gaskets for food containers (44). Methods of analyses ate given in ASTM D914-72 (19), NationalFonmila XIV, and Food Chemicals Codex II. 

Table 14.1. Methods for conversion of cellulosic agricultural wastes into animal feed...

Another method of comparison of energy use for production of food is the fossil energy used per unit of protein produced. In intensive livestock operations, such as egg production and animal feed lot operations,... 

Hundley HK, Cairns T, Luke MA, et al. 1988. Pesticide residue findings by the luke method in domestic and imported foods and animal feeds for fiscal years 1982-1986. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 875-892. 

Johnson, E.A., Phaffia rhodozyma colorful odyssey, Int. Microbiol., 6, 169, 2003. Jacobson, G.K. et al., Astaxanthin over-producing strains of Phaffia rhodozyma, methods for their cultivation and their use in animal feeds. United States Patent 20030049241, 2003. 

There is growing interest in the use of cereal straws such as wheat straw for animal feed after increasing its digestibility by various methods, or as a raw material for paper and board production. This is particularly important in areas with limited forest resources (1). For all these purposes a good physicochemical characterisation of cereal straw is necessary. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

Theodorou MK, Williams BA, Dhanoa MS, McAllan AB, France J. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of mminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1994 48 185-197. 

The methods developed using organic solvents are typically designed to maximize the use of crop plants. For example, in the case of the synthesis of PHA in seeds of oil crops, such as rapeseed or soybean, the extraction methods have the advantage that the oil can be recovered from the seeds as well as PHA, and that the residual meal can be used in animal feed (Fig. 5) [74-78]. In this process, the seeds containing oil and PHA are crushed and the oil is obtained with a... 

The tetracycline which may be present is then converted to an anhydro derivative by heating in acid and is measured spectrophotometrically. Feldman et al. (84) developed the alkaline degradation method to measure CTC in fermentation mash and Spock and Katz (85) used this method to determine CTC in animal feed premixes. 

A titrimetric method that has been used for many years for the determination of nitrogen or protein in a sample is the Kjeldahl method. Examples of samples include grain, protein supplements for animal feed, fertilizers, and food products. It is a method that often makes use of the back titration concept mentioned above. We will now describe this technique in detail. 

In Nebraska, state regulations require that the chemical makeup of animal feed sold in the state be accurately reflected on the labels found on the feed bags. The Nebraska State Agriculture Laboratory is charged with the task of performing the analytical laboratory work required. An example is salt (sodium chloride) content. The method used to analyze the feed for sodium chloride involves a potentio-metric titration. A chloride ion-selective electrode in combination with a saturated calomel reference electrode is used. After dissolving the feed sample, the chloride is titrated with a silver nitrate standard solution. The reaction involves the formation of the insoluble precipitate silver chloride. The electrode monitors the decrease in the chloride concentration as the titration proceeds, ultimately detecting the end point (when the chloride ion concentration is zero). 

GC/ECD is the method used to detect heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in foods (butterfat, fruits, vegetables, milk, and animal feed) (Di Muccio et al. 1988 Hopper and Griffitt 1987 Korfmacher et al. 1987 Ober et al. 1987 Santa Maria et al. 1986). Preparation methods vary for the different types of foods. The sample preparation method for butterfat involves GPC. GPC is a rapid clean-up... 

This is one of the recommended drying methods for moisture in animal feed (Padmore, 1990, p. 69). About 2 g animal feed is dried to constant weight at 95-100°C under a pressure of 100 mmHg for about 5 h. A high molasses content requires s50 mmHg at 70°C. Vacuum ovens are ideal for drying... 

The EC official method is described in the Official Journal of the European Communities (EC, 1992), and uses specialized glassware. We will base the method on that of MAEE/ADAS (1986, pp. 90-92), (with Crown Copyright permission), but replace the alcohol and diethyl ether (used for washing the residue) with acetone, which is safer and also used in the EC method. The AOAC method is described by Padmore (1990, pp. 80-82). The traditional method uses 0.313 M NaOH, free from carbonate, but the EC method uses 0.23 M KOH. The method is suitable for plant material or animal feeds, but the following pre-treatments may be necessary, especially for feedstuffs. 

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