Phaffia rhodozyma

In conclusion, the case of Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) is very peculiar as hundreds of scientific papers and patents deal with astaxanthin production using this yeast and the process has not been economically efficient to date. New patents are filed almost each year, with improvement in astaxanthin yield, e.g., 3 g/g dry matter cited in U.S. Patent 20030049241. ... 

Astaxanthin Pink-red Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (yeast), formerly Phaffia rhodozyma DS... 

Elores-Cotera, L.B., Martin, R., and Sanchez S., Citrate, a possible precursor of astaxanthin in Phaffia rhodozyma influence of varying levels of ammonium, phosphate and citrate in a chemically defined medium, Appl. Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 55, 341, 2001. 

Palagyi, Z., Eerenczy, L., and Vagvdlgyi, C., Carhon-source assimilation pattern of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. World J. Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 17, 95, 2001. 

Ramirez, J., Guttierez, H., and Gschaedler, A., Optimization of astaxanthin production hy Phaffia rhodozyma through factorial design and response surface methodology, J. BiotechnoL, 88, 259, 2001. 

Fang, T.J. and Wang, J.M., Extractihility of astaxanthin in a mixed culture of a carotenoid over-producing mutant of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and Bacillus circulans in two-stage hatch fermentation. Process Biochem., 37, 1235, 2002. Rubinstein, L. et al.. Isolation and characterization of Phaffia rhodozyma mutants. Folia Microbiol., 43, 626, 1998. 

Verdoes, J.C. et al., Metabolic engineering of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Phaffia rhodozyma), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3728, 2003. 

Johnson, E.A., Phaffia rhodozyma colorful odyssey, Int. Microbiol., 6, 169, 2003. Jacobson, G.K. et al., Astaxanthin over-producing strains of Phaffia rhodozyma, methods for their cultivation and their use in animal feeds. United States Patent 20030049241, 2003. 

C. Cannizzaro, M. Rhiel, 1. Marison and U. von Stockar, On-line monitoring of Phaffia rhodozyma fed-batch process with in situ dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 83, 668-680 (2003). 

Cannizzaro, C. Rhiel, M. Marison, I. 8c von Stockar, U. On-Line Monitoring of Phaffia Rhodozyma Fed-Batch Process with In Situ Dispersive Raman Spectroscopy Biotech. Bioeng. 2003, 83, 668-680. 

Due to the many applications and the industrial relevance of this class of molecules, several studies to identify strategies to increase their production have been conducted. In the recent work by Verwaal et al. [164], S. cerevisiae has been engineered with the genes from the [S-carotene production pathway from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, which is naturally able to produce these compounds. When these genes were cloned in Candida utilis, the carotenoids yields increased remarkably [165] and this led Verwaal et al. [164] to the idea that the production of p-carotene in S. cerevisiae could be improved by conferring properties from another yeast species. Like S. cerevisiae, P. rhodozyma also produces famesyl-diphosphate (FPP see Fig. 4) which is further converted into geranylgeranyl... 

Sedmak, J.J. Weerasinghe, D.K. Jolly, S.O. 1990. Extraction and quantitation of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma. Biotech. Tech. 4 107-112. 

New Structures.—Monocyclic Carotenoids. A poly-cw-isomer of y-carotene carotene (1)], isolated from Tangerine tomato fruits, may be similar to pro-y-carotene from Pyracantha angustifolia. Two compounds from the Delta tomato mutant have been identified as l, 2 -epoxy-r,2 -dihydro-j8, /f-carotene (2) and l, 2 -epoxy-l, 2 -dihydro-e,j/ -carotene (3), epoxides of y- and 5-carotene respectively. Evidence has been presented for the structure (4) (r-methoxy-3, 4 -didehydro-l, 2 -dihydro-jS, / -carotene) for a minor carotenoid of Rhodomicrobium vannielii. On the basis of its light absorption spectrum and chemical reactions, a minor compound from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma has been assigned structure (5), 3-hydroxy-3, 4 -didehydro-j8, / -caroten-4-one. ... 

Absolute Configuration. Astaxanthin (3,3 -dihydroxy-/3,/8-carotene-4,4 -dione) isolated from Phaffia rhodozyma has been shown by c.d. and H n.m.r. to have the... 

Role of Carotenoids in Protecting Phaffia rhodozyma Against Singlet Oxygen and Peroxyl Radicals... 

JOHNSON SCHROEDER Astoxonthin Production in Phaffia rhodozyma 43... 

An, G.H. 2001. Improved growth of the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), in the presence of tricarhoxylic acid cycle intermediates. Biotechnol Lett 23 1005-1009. 

Dominguez-Bocanegra, A.R., and Torres-Munoz, J.A. 2004. Astaxanthin hyperproduction by Phaffia rhodozyma (now Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) with raw coconut milk as sole source of energy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66 249-252. 

Ducrey Sanpietro, L.M., and Kula, M.R. 1998. Studies of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). Effect of inhibitors and low temperature. Yeast 14 1007-1016. 

Lukacs, G., Kovacs, N., Papp, T., and Vagvolgyi, C. 2005. The effect of vegetable oils on carotenoid production of Phaffia rhodozyma. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 52 267. 

Lukacs, G., Linka, B., and Nyilasi, I. 2006. Phaffia rhodozyma and Xanthophyllomuces dendrorhous astaxanthin-producing yeasts of biotechnological importance. Acta Alimentaria 5 99-107. 

Schroeder, W.A., and Johnson, E.A. 1995. Singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. J Biol Chem 270 18374—18379. 

Vazquez, M. 2001. Effect of the light on carotenoid profiles of Xanthophyllomyces dendror-hous strains (formerly Phaffia rhodozyma). Food Technol Biotechnol 39 123-128. 

Nakano, T. et al.. Effect of astaxanthin rich red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) on oxidative stress mr m oovt xo xt,Biochim.Biophys. Acta, 1426, 119, 1999. 

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