And nervous system

Effects of repeated ethylene glycol peroral overexposure in treated rats and mice can result in kidney, Hver, and nervous system damage. The most sensitive indicators of ethylene glycol toxicity are disturbances in acid—base balance and nephrotoxic (kidney) effects. Effects of repeated chronic peroral overexposure of diethylene glycol in treated rats result in kidney and Hver damage (48). 

Strong acids or bases catalyze the hydrolysis of 2-pyrrohdinone to 4-aminobutanoic acid [y-aminobutyric acid [56-12-2] (GABA)]. GABA is involved in the functioning of the brain and nervous system and is of considerable interest as a potential dietary supplement (60). 

Cresol is a toxic chemical that can be absorbed via the skin and may cause damage to the kidney, the liver, and nervous system. The objective of this problem is to reduce cresol concentration in any discharged wastewater stream to 5 ppraw or less. 

In addition to its role in preventing scurvy (see Human Biochemistry box Ascorbic Acid and Scurvy and also Chapter 6), ascorbic acid also plays important roles in the brain and nervous system. It also mobilizes iron in the body, prevents anemia, ameliorates allergic responses, and stimulates the immune system. 

Evidence that many of these compounds can have adverse effects on the immune, endocrine and nervous systems and that some are carcinogenic has grown during the last decade. The role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and of methyl bromide in the ozone layer depletion is well established (ref. 3).It is therefore not surprising that many halogenated derivatives are cast as environmental and health villains by various concerned groups who call for total phase out of chlorine and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Relatively few new protein domains appeat to have emerged among vertebrates. However, the numbet of distinct domain architectures (-1800) in human proteins is 1.8 times that of the roundworm or fruit fly. About 90 vertebrate-specific families of proteins have been identified, and these have been found to be enriched in proteins of the immune and nervous systems. 

Klein RS, Rubin JB (2004) Immune and nervous system CXCL12 and CXCR4 parallel roles in patterning and plasticity. Trends Immunol 25 306-314 Klein RS, Lin E, Zhang B, Luster AD, ToUett J, Samuel MA, Engle M, Diamond MS (2005) Neuronal CXCLIO directs CD8-t T-ceU recruitment and control of West Nile vims encephah-tis. J Virol 79 11457-11466... 

Considerable evidence for opioid-chemokine interactions comes from studies of pain and inflammation, where the inherent relationships between pain, inflammation, and the counteracting antinociceptive influences of opioids have considerable biomedical implications. The adaptive changes in immune and nervous system function with chronic inflammation and pain further reveal the inherent interrelatedness between opioids (Ossipov et al. 2003 Evans 2004 Roy et al. 2006 Christie 2008)... 

Comparative Toxicokinetics. In humans, the targets for trichloroethylene toxicity are the liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Experimental animal studies support this conclusion, although the susceptibilities of some targets, such as the liver, appear to differ between rats and mice. The fact that these two species could exhibit such different effects allows us to question which species is an appropriate model for humans. A similar situation occurred in the cancer studies, where results in rats and mice had different outcomes. The critical issue appears to be differences in metabolism of trichloroethylene across species (Andersen et al. 1980 Buben and O Flaherty 1985 Filser and Bolt 1979 Prout et al. 1985 Stott et al. 1982). Further studies relating the metabolism of humans to those of rats and mice are needed to confirm the basis for differences in species and sex susceptibility to trichloroethylene s toxic effects and in estimating human heath effects from animal data. Development and validation of PBPK models is one approach to interspecies comparisons of data. 

Sander and Burkle (31) were the first to induce tumors by feeding nitrite and amines or amides. The tumors were attributed to in vivo formation of the N-nitroso compounds, probably in the stomach. When pregnant rats were gavaged with ethylurea and nitrite, hydrocephalus and nervous system tumors were induced in the offspring. Both these effects were prevented when sodium ascorbate was gavaged together with the ethylurea (21, 32). 

Proper assessment of the child or adolescent with enuresis should explore every aspect of urinary incontinence, especially the genitourinary and nervous systems. The minimum assessment should include24 25 ... 

Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Gill JS. Pu-trescine-modified nerve growth factor bioactivity, plasma pharmacokinetics, blood-brain/nerve barrier permeability and nervous system biodistribution. 

Nervous system disorders are diagnosed by examining the patient s mental status, cranial nerve function, motor system reflexes, and sensory systems. An electroencephalogram (EEG) tests higher brain and nervous system functions. 

Tometten, M., Blois, S. and Arck, P.C., Nerve growth in reproductive biology link between the immune, endocrine and nervous system , 2005. 

I had always counted on my excellent health and resiliency, and had enormous endurance and reserves from my days as a mountain climber. And, my background is Swiss, so in my family you just try harder and harder. In spite of that my health kept going downhill. I reached a point where I had no reserves. I was out of steam. Yet, I kept denying it until I felt sick all the time—not just at work—and it started to affect my brain and nervous system. I felt so confused all the time. Sometimes when I was driving I didn t even know what city I was in or where I lived, because of the fumes—but I didn t know that was the reason at the time. I d pull over to the side of the road and slap myself and say, Come on Snap out of it You know where you are ... 

After college I created a pretty nice lifestyle for myself, working as a massage therapist and competing in triathlons. In 1988 a traumatic injury to my back resulted in serious immune and nervous system complications. I think that may have been a part of what made me susceptible to chemical sensitivities. I quickly changed from being... 

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-limiting. 

Though some very elegant methods are now available to study the biochemistry of the brain and nervous system, none has yet discovered any generalized marker chemicals which will serve as reliable indicators or early warnings of neurotoxic actions or potential actions. There are, however, some useful methods. Before looking at these, however, one should understand the basic problems involved. 

Damstra T. 1978. Environmental chemicals and nervous system dysfunction. Yale J Biol Med 51(4) 457-468. 

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