Peripheral nervous system and

Calretinin is homologous to calbindin D28k- It is abundantly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and other organs. The protein contains four EF-hand domains homologous to the first four of calbindin D28k-... 

DAT is predominantly expressed by dopaminergic brain neurons, NET by noradrenergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system, and SERT is restricted to the axons of serotonergic neurons, which originate in the raphe nuclei and innervate numerous higher brain regions therefore SERT is widely distributed in the brain. Outside the brain, 5HT transport can be measured on non-neuronal cells (e.g. platelets, lympho-blastoid cells and smooth muscle cells) most of the 5HT appearing in the circulation is taken up by platelets. 

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS processes information to and from the peripheral nervous system and is the center of coordination and control for the entire body. Many dru stimulate die CNS, but only a few are used therapeutically. This chapter discusses die drills diat stimulate the CNS and the nursing implications related to dieir administration. 

Furthermore, any particular type of site belonging to any one of these categories may exist in a number of different cellular or tissue locations. For example, acetylcholinesterase is located in a number of different mammalian tissues (e.g., brain, peripheral nervous system, and red blood cells), and all of these may be inhibited by... 

The neuropeptide Y (NPY) belongs to a family of peptides that includes peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, and it is associated with several diseases such as asthma, immune system disorders, inflammatory diseases, anxiety, depression and diabetes mellitus. NPY is found in the central and peripheral nervous system, and its biological functions are mediated by interactions with five receptor sub-types, i.e. Yl, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. Several studies indicate that the feeding behavior is influenced by interactions between NPY and Yl and Y5. Deswal and Roy used Cerius descriptors and genetic function approximation QSAR to investigate the structural determinants for the inhibition potency of 24 compounds with the general structure 4 for the NPY Y5 receptor [31]. The best QSAR (H = 0.720,... 

Although most of the medicinal chemistry effort in the H3 receptor field has been focused on the development of antagonists, there is some interest in agonists as well. Histamine H3 receptor agonists decrease the release of histamine in the central and peripheral nervous system and lead to a weakened histaminergic tone. In the brain, their effects will therefore be comparable to those of Hi receptor antagonists, with sedation and induction of sleep as a prominent observation. Indeed, H3 agonists such as the imidazoles... 

Babel, J., Bischoff, A. and Spoendlin, H. Ultrastructure of the peripheral nervous system and sense organs. In Atlas of Normal and Pathologic Anatomy. St Louis Mosby, 1970, pp. 1-171. 

The individual subtypes of receptors often show discrete anatomical locations in the peripheral nervous system, and this has facilitated their classification. Nicotinic receptors are found in peripheral ganglia and skeletal muscle. Upon innervation of skeletal muscle, receptors congregate in the junctional or postsynaptic endplate area. Upon denervation or in noninnervated embryonic muscle, the receptors are distributed across the surface of the muscle,... 

Lawrence, D.A. and Kim, D., Central/peripheral nervous system and immune responses, Toxicology 142, 189, 2000. 

Neurotransmitten Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic deft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic add, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]... 

The term central nervous system is sometimes used as a synonym for the brain, but it also includes the spinal cord. Indeed, the word system implies the entirety of the tissues working together to achieve a single function. Usage, however, has validated its division into the central and peripheral nervous systems, and even the subdivision of the latter into the autonomic nervous system and the voluntary nervous system. 

Toxicology. Carbon disulfide causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and may accelerate the development of, or worsen, coronary heart disease. 

It is found in many cellular complexes, such as the CNS, the peripheral nervous system and the cardio vascular system, but it also appears in blood cells. 

Stems cells are also the natural units of embryonic generation and tissue regeneration in adults. The list of tissues that use the model of differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells to mature cells, now includes both the central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. Evidence is mounting that many, if not all, organs and tissues contain tissue-specific stem cells. 

ANP is derived from the carboxyl terminal end of a common precursor termed preproANP. ANP is synthesized primarily in cardiac atrial cells, but it is also synthesized in ventricular myocardium, by neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in the lungs. 

With this we conclude our consideration of the peripheral nervous system and will progress onto the psychoactive enclave of the central nervous system. 

Vitamin B12 deficiency normally results from indequate absorption rather than inadequate dietary intake. Pernicious anaemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms include anaemia, glossitis, fatigue and degeneration of the peripheral nervous system and hypersensitivity of the skin. The adult RDA and RNI for B12 are 2 and 1.5 figday- respectively. Unlike other vitamins, B12 is obtained exclusively from animal food sources, such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, shellfish, milk, cheese and eggs. Vitamin B12 in these foods is protein-bound and released by the action of HC1 and pepsin in the stomach. 

The striatum, the nucleus accumbens, the hippocampus, the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, the habenula, the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus of the tractus soli-tarius, the raphe nuclei and the medulla oblongata are rich in tachykinin NK1 receptors (Otsuka and Yoshioka, 1993). The predominant expression of N receptors within the spinal dorsal horn is consistent with the assumption that SP and NKA are important messengers here (Bleazard et al., 1994). The distribution of NKi receptors in the peripheral nervous system and in the gut are discussed elsewhere (McLean, 1996 Quartara and Maggi, 1997, 1998). 

Neuropeptides Y (NFY) and YY are 36-residue amidated peptides that are members of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family (Fig. 30-5). NPY is produced both in the peripheral nervous system and in the brain,110 134 where it is one of the most abundant neuropeptides. Another member of the PP family is semi-nalplasmin, a regulator of calcium ion transport in bovine sperm.135 NPY is best known for its stimulation of appetite. It also inhibits anxiety and increases memory retention. It has a vasoconstrictive effect on blood vessels, participating in cardiovascular regulation.136 137 Peptide YY is formed in endocrine cells of the intestine, while NPY is formed in neurons of the parasympathetic system.138 Both participate in regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion. Both are found in other vertebrate species.139... 

Cannabinoid and endocannabinoid-induced synaptic depression is observed in both the peripheral nervous system and the CNS. Indeed, A9-THC inhibition of transmitter release was first demonstrated in mouse vas deferens (Graham et al. 1974), and further evidence for presynaptic inhibition has been obtained using this preparation (Ishac et al. 1996 Pertwee and Fernando 1996) and in the myenteric plexus (Coutts and Pertwee 1997 Kulkami-Narla and Brown 2000). In addition, anandamide was first characterized as an EC based on its actions in the mouse vas deferens (Devane et al. 1992). Subsequently, CB1 receptor-mediated inhibition of release of several neurotransmitters has been documented in various regions of the PNS (see Szabo and Schlicker 2005 for review). Cannabinoids also inhibit neural effects on contraction in the ileum (Croci et al. 1998 Lopez-Redondo et al. 1997), although it is not clear that this is effect involves direct inhibition of neurotransmitter release (Croci et al. 1998). The CB1 receptor has been localized to enteric neurons, and thus the effect on ileum certainly involves actions on these presynaptic neurons. In addition, anandamide produces ileal relaxation via a non-CBl, non-CB2-mediated mechanism (Mang et al. 2001). 

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