Toxicity ethylene glycol

Effects of repeated ethylene glycol peroral overexposure in treated rats and mice can result in kidney, Hver, and nervous system damage. The most sensitive indicators of ethylene glycol toxicity are disturbances in acid—base balance and nephrotoxic (kidney) effects. Effects of repeated chronic peroral overexposure of diethylene glycol in treated rats result in kidney and Hver damage (48). 

Ethanol and many other alcohols with potentially toxic effects are used in industry—some in enormous quantities. In addition to ethanol, methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity occurs with sufficient frequency to warrant discussion in this chapter. 

Drugs used in acute methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity ... 

Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity is with ethanol, which inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, fomepizole, which also inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, and bicarbonate to treat acidosis (33). In some cases hemodialysis has been used (34,35). 

Gardner TB, Manning HL, Beelen AP, Cimis RJ, Cates JM, Lewis LD. Ethylene glycol toxicity associated with ischemia, perforation, and colonic oxalate crystal deposition. J Chn Gastroenterol 2004 38(5) 435-9. 

The primary risk for ethylene glycol toxicity is through gastrointestinal exposure. Exposure can... 

Some of these differences can be attributed to variations in detoxication mechanisms. For example, the loss of consciousness induced in several species of laboratory animals by hexobarbital (a barbiturate derivative that depresses the central nervous system (CNS)) shows marked differences these are attributable to the activity of the detoxication enzyme that inactivates this chemical. In the mouse, the activity of the detoxifying enzyme is 16-fold greater than that in the dog, which is reflected by 12 min of hexobarbital-induced sleep in the mouse versus 315 min of sleep in the dog. There are other examples of species-related differences in the ability to detoxify chemicals that consequently result in differences in toxicity. Other examples include the industrial chemicals, ethylene glycol and aniline. Ethylene glycol is metabolized to oxalic acid, which is responsible for its toxicity, or to carbon dioxide. The rank order of ethylene glycol toxicity in animals is as follows cat rat rabbit this is the same for the extent of oxalic acid production. Aniline is metabolized in the cat and dog mainly to o-aminophenol, and these species are more prone to toxicity however, in the rat and hamster aniline is metabolized mainly to I-aminophenol and thus these species are less susceptible to aniline toxicity. 

Porter WH, Rutter PW, Bush BA, Pappas AA, Dun-nington JE. Ethylene glycol toxicity the role of serum glycolic add in hemodialysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001 39 607-15. 

Methanol toxicity Uremia of renal failure Ketoacidoses Diabetes meUitus Ethyl alcohol toxicity Starvation Paraldehyde toxicity Isoniazid or iron toxicity, also ischemia Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol toxicity... 

Methylpyrazole (fomepizole), a more effective inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase with none of the adverse effects of ethanol, has been used in the treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity. 

Methanol is used as antifreeze and is also added to ethanol as a denatu-rant. Similarly, ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze, especially in automobiles. Both compounds themselves are not toxic, but following ingestion they are metabolised rapidly by alcohol dehydrogenase to metabolites (formic acid and oxalic acid) which are potentially lethal. Fomepizole (4-methylp5Tazone) inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used clinically to treat methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity. 

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