And, intestinal bacteria

I. Human Fecal Flora and Intestinal Bacteria for the Transformation... 

Liying, Z. D. Li S. Qiao E.W Johnson B. Li P.A. Thacker N.K. Han. Effects of stachyose on performance, diarrhoea incidence and intestinal bacteria in weanling pigs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2003,57, 1-10. 

Fig. 45.5. A. Structures of vitamin K derivatives. Phylloquinone is found in green leaves, and intestinal bacteria synthesize menaquinone. Humans will convert menadione to a vitamin K active form. B. Vitamin K-dependent formation of y-carboxyglutamate residues. Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, and Factor X are bound to their phospholipid activation sites on cell membranes by Ca ". The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, which adds the extra carboxyl group, uses a reduced form of vitamin K (KH2) as the electron donor and converts vitamin K to an epxjx-ide. Vitamin K epoxide is reduced, in two steps, back to its active form by the enzymes vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase.

Crittenden, R., Karppinen, S., Ojanen, S., Tenkanen, M., Fagerstrom, R., Mattb, J., et al. (2002). In vitro fermentation of cereal dietary fibre carbohydrates by probiotic and intestinal bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82, 781-789. 

The number of diseases that affect the colon is much higher than those that affect other organs. Moreover, colonic diseases are not comparable to diseases that affect other organs, because they are caused by intestinal bacteria that damage colonic tissue directly. Intestinal barrier function also declines as a consequence of aging (Ma et al. 1992). This phenomenon means that induction of inflammation is caused by the invasion of inflammatory factors derived from food and intestinal bacteria. Therefore, 1 believe that inhibition of colonic senescence may promote longevity. 

Folic acid and its derivatives (mostly the tri-and heptaglutamyl peptides) are widespread in nature. It is a specific growth ctor for certain micro-organisms, but in animals the intestinal bacteria provide the small quantities needed for growth. The coenzyme forms are actually... 

Occurs in coal tar, in various plants and in faeces, being formed by the action of the intestinal bacteria on tryptophan. It can be prepared by the action of acid on the phenyl-hydrazone of pyruvic acid to give indole-2-carboxylate which can be decarboxylated to indole. 

Lactulose. 4-O-P -D-Galactopyranosyl-4-D-fmctofuranose [4618-18-2] (Chronolac) (12) may be made from lactose using the method described in Reference 9. It is a synthetic disaccharide that is not hydroly2ed by gastrointestinal enzymes in the small intestine, but is metabolized by colonic bacteria to short-chain organic acids. The increased osmotic pressure of these nonabsorbable organic acids results in an accumulation of fluid in the colon. Lactulose may not be tolerated by patients because of an extremely sweet taste. It frequently produces flatulence and intestinal cramps. 

Owing to the ubiquitous natural occurrence of vitamin K and its production by intestinal bacteria, vitamin K deficiencies are rare. However, they can be caused by certain antibiotics (qv) coupled with a reduced dietary intake. Newborn infants who do not possess the necessary intestinal bacterial population are at danger for vitamin K deficiency. As a result, vitamin K injections are routinely given to the newborn. 

Bismuth subnitrate [1304-85-4] (basic bismuth nitrate) can be prepared by the partial hydrolysis of the normal nitrate with boiling water. It has been used as an antacid and in combination with iodoform as a wound dressing (183). Taken internally, the subnitrate may cause fatal nitrite poisoning because of the reduction of the nitrate ion by intestinal bacteria. 

Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and weakness. Gastroenteritis has many causes, such as bacteria (food poisoning), viruses, parasites, consumption of irritating food or drink, as well as stress. Treatment for the condition depends on the underlying cause. 

Vitamin Bjg is not synthesized by animals or by plants. Only a few species of bacteria synthesize this complex substance. Carnivorous animals easily acquire sufficient amounts of Bjg from meat in their diet, but herbivorous creatures typically depend on intestinal bacteria to synthesize Bjg for them. This is sometimes not sufficient, and certain animals, including rabbits, occasionally eat their feces in order to accumulate the necessary quantities of Big. 

It has been established that both the 17 hydroxy androgens rind estrogens, when administered orally, are quickly converted (o water-soluble inactive metabolites by intestinal bacteria, usually by reactions at the 17 position. It is this inactivation process that is largely responsible for the low-order oral potency observed with these agents. Incorporation of an additional car-l)on atom at the 17 position should serve to make the now tertiary alcohol less susceptible to metabolic attack and thus potentially confer oral activity to these derivatives. 

Because the oral aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed, they are useful to suppressing gastrointestinal bacteria The oral aminoglycosides kanamycin (Kantrex) and neomycin (Mycifradin) are used preoperatively to reduce the number of bacteria normally present in the intestine (bowel prep). A reduction in intestinal bacteria is thought to lessen the possibility of abdominal infection that may occur after surgery on the bowel. 

T. Mitsuoka, Intestinal Bacteria and Health, Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, Tokyo, Japan (1978). 

Chitooligomers set free by hydrolases become carbon sources for the growth of intestinal bacteria. Lactobacillus lactis utilizes the oligomers (GlcNAc)i-6, the monomer and dimer being bifidogenic substances [261 -263]. 

A portion of the primary bile acids in the intestine is subjected to further changes by the activity of the intestinal bacteria. These include deconjugation and 7a-dehydroxylation, which produce the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and hthocholic acid. 

KIM D H, PARK E K, BAE E A, HAN M J (2000) Metabolism of rhaponticin and chrysophanol 8-o-beta-D-glucopyranoside from the rhizome of rheum undulatum by human intestinal bacteria and their anti-allergic actions. Biol Pharm Bull. 23 830-33. 

CHANG Y c and nair m g (1995) Metahohsm of daidzein and genistein by intestinal bacteria. JNat Prod. 58 (12) 1892-6. 

HUR H G, LAY J o Jr, BEGER R D, FREEMAN J p and RAFii F (2000) Isolation of human intestinal bacteria metabolizing the natural isoflavone glycosides daidzin and genistin. Arch Microbiol. 174 (6) 422-8. 

Substantial individual differences were observed in the response to study breads and the ranges of enterolactone concentration changes in the groups were as follows -54.5-60.0 nmol/1 (placebo), -26.2-101.3 nmol/1 (LP), -19.6-81.8 nmol/1 (HP). This was something that could have been expected as in several studies dietary factors have explained only 10% of the variation in serum enterolactone (Vanharanta et al, 2002b Kilkkinen et al., 2001). This gives further support to the major role of intestinal bacteria in the synthesis of enterolactone. Decreased concentrations of enterolactone may occur due to an increased fiber intake, which may shorten the retention time in the colon and lead to incomplete metabolism of plant lignans. Constipation was earlier shown to be associated with an increased level of serum enterolactone (Kilkkinen et al., 2001). 

Many higher plants synthesize flavanes, flavanones, flavones, and isoflavones with a wide range of structural complexity. They make a significant contribution to the food intake of both herbivores and humans, and they have aroused particular interest on account of their degradation by mammals that are mediated by intestinal bacteria. Most of them exist naturally as glycosides and these are readily hydrolyzed to the aglycones. 

The role of an immune response to intestinal bacteria in the development of UC may not be as strong a contributing factor as it is in CD. The potential role of environmental factors in the development of UC implies that the immune response is directed against an unknown antigen. The findings that development and severity of UC are reduced in patients who smoke, or in those with appendectomies, may support the theory that these factors may somehow modify either the genetic component or phenotypic response to immunologic stimuli.11,13... 

Macpherson A.J., Geuking M.B. and McCoy K.D. (2005). Immune responses that adapt the intestinal mucosa to commensal intestinal bacteria . Immunology, 115, 153-163. 

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