Dietary cereal

Since dietary cereals are low in sulfur-containing amino acids, they produce an alkaline urine which favors the retention of bone minerals. In post-menopausal women, there appears to be some interaction between the diet and the effect produced by estrogens on bone mineral content (28). 

Deficiency Diseases. Not only did cereals make an important contribution to improving the general status of humankind, but they also were important dietary components of some groups of people who showed certain nutritional deficiencies. This observation led to the discovery of some of the vitamins. These deficiency diseases have been most prominently associated with use of rice, com, and wheat. 

The implications of the role that dietary fiber may play ia the maintenance of human health should iacrease the demand for cereal products. It may weU have an influence on the milling iadustry, especially if the demand for cereal products that are less highly milled becomes a reaHty. 

Dietary fibers are used in several food categories, including breakfast cereals, pasta, snack foods, and baked goods, as well as some pharmaceutical categories such as enteral nutritionals, bulk laxatives, and diet beverage mixes (31). The common dietary fiber additives and their sources are given (32). 

Used in baked goods (breads, cakes, cookies, crackers, doughnuts), pasta products, emulsified and coarsely ground meat products, meat analogues, breakfast cereals, dietary foods, infant foods, confections, milk replacers, and pet foods. 

Most of the thiamine sold worldwide is used for dietary supplements. Primary market areas include the following appHcations addition to feed formulations, eg, poultry, pigs, catde, and fish (see Feeds and feed additives) fortification of refined foods, eg, flours, rice, and cereal products and incorporation into multivitamins. Small amounts are used in medicine to treat deficiency diseases and other conditions, in agriculture as an additive to ferti1i2ers (qv), and in foods as flavorings. Generally for dry formulations, the less soluble, nonhygroscopic nitrate is preferred. Only the hydrochloride can be used for intravenous purposes. Coated thiamine is used where flavor is a factor. 

The beneficial effects of dietary fiber, including both soluble and iasoluble fiber, are generally recognized. Current recommendations are for daily iatakes of 20—35 g ia a balanced diet of cereal products, fmits, vegetables, and legumes. However, the specific preventive role of dietary fiber ia certaia diseases has beea difficult to estabUsh, ia part because dietary risk factors such as high saturated fat and high proteia levels are reduced as fiber levels iacrease. 

In Hsinchu, Taiwan, the dietary intake of a- and P-endosulfan was studied from June 1996 to April 1997 (Doong and Lee 1999). p-Endosulfan was not detected in any of the 14 different foods studied, including fruits, meats, seafood, and cereal, and a-endosulfan, by contrast, was found in 78 of 149 samples at an average concentration of 2.76 ng/g wet weight. Based on the average Taiwanese diet, the estimated daily intake of a-endosulfan was 6.24x10 " mg body weight/day. 

Starch is a homopolymer of glucose forming an a-glucosidic chain, called a glucosan or glucan. It is the most abundant dietary carbohydrate in cereals, pota-... 

Niacin was discovered as a nutrient during studies of pellagra. It is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Two compounds, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, have the biologic activity of niacin its metabolic function is as the nicotinamide ring of the coenzymes NAD and NADP in oxidation-reduction reactions (Figure 45-11). About 60 mg of tryptophan is equivalent to 1 mg of dietary niacin. The niacin content of foods is expressed as mg niacin equivalents = mg preformed niacin + 1/60 X mg tryptophan. Because most of the niacin in cereals is biologically unavailable, this is discounted. 

ADAMS J F, ENGSTROM A (2000) Dietary intake of whole grains US recommendation. Cereal Foods World, 45 75-8. 

KAHLON T s, CHOW F I (1997) Hypocholesterolemic effect of oat, rice and barley dietary fibers and fractions. Review. Cereal World, 42(2) 86-92. 

Many plant products are very rich in cell wall materials. Cereal brans, seed hulls, various pulps (including beet pulp), citrus peels, apple pomace... are typical exemples of such by-products (1,2). They can be used after simple treatments as dietary fibres, functional fibres or bulking agents, depending on the nutritional claims (2). They can be used also eis sources of some polysaccharides. 

Pendlington aw, Meuree-Vanlaethem N, Brookes A (i<)g6) The Method Specific Certification of the Mass Fraction of Dietary Fibre in Lyophilised Haricot Beans, Carrot, Apple, Full Fat Soya Flour and Bran Breakfast Cereal Reference Materials CRMs 514, 515, 516, 317 and 518. European Commission Report EUR 17451 EN, Luxembourg. 

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