Colon tissue

Colon tissue was selected as a model for the comparative analysis of soft tissue by FT-IR and Raman imaging at low and high lateral resolution, because it contains aU four major tissue types such as muscle, connective tissue, epithelium and also nerve cells. The vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints of normal tissues and their distribution in control samples were determined. The compilation of such data is important before a method can be applied to pathological colon tissue such as colorectal adenocarcinoma, which is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death among cancer patients in the Western world. Colorectal adenocarcinomas originate from epithelial cells and are able to infiltrate the subjacent layers of colon and rectum. 

A ganglion (black) of the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and fibrous septa (orange), which surrounds the ganglion, are resolved at higher magnification. 

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Four major tissue layers, from the lumen outward, form the large intestine the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (Fig. 88-2). Complete replacement of surface epithelial cells occurs approximately weekly, with the total number of epithelial cells remaining constant in normal colonic tissue. As patients age, abnormal cells accumulate on the surface epithelium and protrude into the stream of fecal matter their contact with fecal mutagens can lead to further cell mutations and eventual adenoma formation.4... 

Castiglione Colon tissue RNasy Fibrous Real time, for To achieve reliable... 

The Drug Delivery Index (DDI) ahows a quantification of the reduction in the drug dose and the systemic exposure observed after drug release specificahy to the colon [37]. It may be calculated using AUC (Area l/nder the plasma drug concentration-time Curve) data or drug concentrations in blood and colonic tissues under steady-state conditions ... 

The present results also point to differences between the mammary tumor model and the ACT model for evaluating the potential cancer protective effects of Se in broccoli. A previous study (17) showed that high-Se broccoli florets decreased the number of DMH-induced ACT. Similarly, in the present study high-Se broccoli sprouts decreased DMH-induced ACT, but low-Se broccoli sprouts alone did not have any effect (Table 3). In the mammary tumor model, however, broccoli alone, similar to garlic alone (3), reduced the number of tumors (Table 1). This contrasting effect could be the result of a difference between tumor and preneoplastic lesion models, a difference between carcinogens, or a difference between mammary and colonic tissues. 

Hydrocortisone enemas, foam, or suppositories are used to maximize colonic tissue effects and minimize systemic absorption via topical treatment of active inflammatory bowel disease in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Absorption of hydrocortisone is reduced with rectal administration, although 15-30% of the administered dosage is still... 

Couch, D.B., Gingerich, J.D., Stuart, E. Heddle, J.A. (1986) Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in murine colonic tissue. Environ. Mutag., 8, 579-587... 

Also, different forms of an antigen require different concentrations of the antibody for their maximal detection. This is exemplified by the PC-10 primary antibody, which identifies PCNA antigen at a dilution of 1 1000 in epithelial cells in normal colon tissue, whereas a dilution of 1 400 is required to localize these proliferating cells in adenomatous polyps (Holt et al., 1997). In contrast, some types of antigens (e.g., Ki-67) can be optimally detected in various tissue types at the MIB-1 dilution of 1 50, using the microwave heating antigen retrieval method. However, in a few studies MIB-1 dilutions of 1 20 to 1 100 have been used. 

W. Rubas, J. Villagran, M. Cromwell, A. McLeod, J. Wassenberg, and R. Mrsny, Correlation of solute flux across Caco-2 monolayers and colonic tissue in vitro, S.T.P. Pharma Sciences 5 93-97 (1995). 

Table 10.1 Dog colon tissue biopsy concentrations of intact ISIS 2302 oligonucleotide at 3 and 24 h after single-dose retention enema (10 mg/kg) or intravenous (dosage indicated) administrations.

Fig. 10.1 Rat colon tissue (A) or liver tissue (B) oligonucleotide concentrations as a percentage of administered radioactive dose for normal rats (filled symbols) or treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (open symbols) as a model for colitis. Solid lines represent intravenous route broken lines designate rectal dosing (both 100 mg/kg ISIS 2302 with nonexchangeable 3H label).

Li H, Song J-H, Park J-S, Han K (2003) Polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes for oral delivery of recombinant human epidermal growth factor. Int J Pharm 258(1-2) 11-19 Liu L, Fishman ML, Hicks KB, Kende M (2005) Interaction of various pectin formulations with porcine colonic tissues. Biomaterials 26 5907-5916 Longer MA, Ch ng HS, Robinson JR (1985) Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery III Oral delivery of chlorothiazide using a bioadhesive polymer. J Pharm Sci 74 406-411... 

As revealed by gel electrophoresis and agar diffusion, two new antigenic substances were obtained as the major components of extracts of human colon tumors with the KC1-HC1 solution. The coupled electrophoresis-agar diffusion analysis showed that the components reacted with immune serum from rabbits immunized with new antigens. These antigens are present in colon tumor tissue but were not present in normal colon tissue. The... 

New antigenic compounds from colon tumor tissue have been isolated and antibodies have been produced. These antigens are not detectable in extracts of normal colon tissue. The antigens may be suitable as markers of colon cancer. 

Some early studies demonstrated the potential of the new technology [39-41] to examine the differences between normal and malignant colonic tissue [39] and identifying potential subclassifications of breast cancer [41]. An interesting aside to these studies was the different analytical methods used by the authors to analyze and interpret the data. This variability of approach remains a feature of microarray studies and can hinder the comparison of data from different studies. However, there are now processes in place which attempt to standardize at least some of the analyses [42],... 

Alon U, Barkai N, Notterman DA, Gish K, Ybarra S, Mack D, et al. Broad patterns of gene expression revealed by clustering analysis of tumor and normal colon tissues probed by oligonucleotide arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96(12) 6745-6750. 

The importance of alkaline sphingomyelinase and ceramides in colon cancer is suggested by studies that compared their levels in tumors with levels in normal colonic tissue. Hertervig et al. (1997) found that the activity of alkaline sphingomyelinase was 75% less in tissue from human colon carcinomas than in normal colonic tissue. In familial adenomatous polyposis patients, there was a 90% decrease in alkaline sphingomyelinase activity in colonic adenomas and in surrounding mucosa compared to healthy controls (Hertervig et al., 1999). Human colon carcinomas had a 50% decrease in cellular ceramide content compared to normal colon mucosa (Selzner et al., 2001). 

The presence of two new tumor antigens in human colon with adenocarcinoma is demonstrated by the results of the coupled analysis of electrophoresis and agar diffusion (6, 7, 8, and 9) of Fig. 37. Such antigens are absent in extracts of normal colon tissue (gel 5). The method is readily adaptable to analysis of tumors of other tissues and of other diseased tissue. 

Krafft C, Ramoji AA, Bielecki C, Volger N, Meyer T, Akimov D, Rosch P, Schmitt S, Dietzek B, Petersen I, Stallmach A, Popp J (2009) A comparative Raman and CARS imaging study of colon tissue. J Biophoton 2 303-312... 

Malfatti, M. A., Connors, M., Mauthe, R., and Felton, J, S, (1996), The capability of rat colon tissue slices to metabolize the cooked-food carcinogen 2-amino-l-nrLcthyl-6-phenylimi-dazo[4,5-p]pyridine. Cancer Res. S6,2550-2555. 

Although extensive villi and microvilli are not present in the rectum and colon tissue, sufficient surface area is present to allow absorption of readily permeable drugs. The lack of motility in the rectum and colon, as opposed to extensive motility in the small intestine, provides an additional advantage in terms of maintaining maximum concentration gradients at the... 

However, both toxins have equal lethal potencies when injected parenterally (Arnon et al., 1984 Lyerly et al., 1985) about 50 ng of either toxin injected intraperitoneally is sufficient to kill a 25 g mouse (Lyerly etal., 1986). Furthermore, in the presence of sublethal amounts of ToxA, also ToxB is lethal when given by the intragastric route (Lyerly et al., 1985). Indeed both toxins seem to play a role in the disease, according to vaccination studies with toxoids (Libby et al., 1982). This is supported by a recent study on human colonic tissue (see section 12.5.1). 

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