Anchorage requirement

The Equivalent Area Method is also known as file Shifted Neutral Axis Method . This procedure is in contrast with the Centered Neutral Axis Method which assumes that the neutral axis is on the centerline. The Centered Neutral Axis Method is easier to apply but also results in a conservative anchorage design. The Equivalent Area method is more accurate and will result in reduced anchorage requirements. Both methods are used to determine the anchorage requirements and the base plate details of a vertical vessel supported on a skirt. 

If F > U then no additional anchorage is required. If U > F, then the difference should be added to anchorage required. 

Preliminary work on the grouted liner concept has identified the likely main problems, typically, construction methods, connecting up cooling pipes and standpipes, assessment of degree of liner anchorage required and so on. It Is recommended that further work on this concept should be carried out to determine whether or not It Is feasible. It Is also recommended that the previous work on the freestanding liner concept be followed up. 

The personnel platform must be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of subpart M of this part, and must be enclosed at least from the toeboard to midrail with either solid construction material or expanded metal having openings no greater than 12 inch (1.27 cm). Points to which personal fall arrest systems are attached must meet the anchorage requirements in subpart M of this part. 

A. Section 1926.601 specifically covers vehicles that operate within an off-highway jobsite, not open to public traffic, and provides a list of general requirements. The list of requirements is not in any priority sequence and are independent of each other. The anchorage requirement for seat belts is not dependent on the requirement to provide an adequate number of firmly attached seats for occupants being transported. The Department of Transportation (DOT) Standards and test data vehicle housing and are not intended to apply to side facing seats in the rear of pick up trucks. Therefore, seat belts and rollover protection for occupants in the rear of pickup trucks operated within an off-highway jobsite are not addressed or required by the standard. 

The flat portion of the DOME-RING-GIRDER will be assumed to be 10 -3 (3.1242 m) wide in order to satisfy anchorage requirement. Therefore, the X-Y coordinates of points A are... 

Concrete interior piers required for towers with standard colunms or when interior-column anchorage is necessary... 

The muller is useful for mixing problems requiring certain types of aggregate breakdown, fricdional anchorage of particles to one another, and densification of the final mix. Materials which are excessively fluid or sticky should be avoided. The muller mixer is generally used for batch operations (Fig. 19-9g), although Fig. 19-9/j shows a continuous muller. 

New types of anodes have been developed and tested as shown in Fig. 16-5 to improve the possibility of maintenance and repair. They can be lifted onto a ship and repaired. The connecting cables are also replaceable. In shallow water, the anchorage must be accurately calculated because considerable dynamic stressing can occur in heavy seas. The ocean floor must be suitable for long-term anchorage. No supply ships must anchor in the area around the platform. This requirement alone often prevents the installation of impressed current anodes since the operator does not wish or is not able to restrict himself to these conditions. 

Advantages of the epoxy systems are the absence of solvent, UV initiated cure that does not require inerting, a wide range of release levels possible and excellent anchorage to film. Disadvantages include cure inhibition on basic substrates and the need to carefully balance formulation cure speed and completeness with release properties. 

The apertures in sintered metal elements can be made so small that this arrester is able to quench detonations provided that it has sufficient mechanical strength. Particular care is required to ensure a secure anchorage of the sintered element to prevent leakage around the element caused by the impact of the shockwave (HSE 1980). 

The substructure should be restrained against up-lift, if necessary, by a suitable dead weight or a hold-down anchor. The weight of the hoist and vehicle, where applicable, may be considered as part or all of the required anchorage. 

Cone-and-plate viscometers have been employed to study shear effects in both suspended (e.g. [138]) and anchorage dependent [122] mammalian cells. These devices have the advantage of requiring only small sample volumes ( lml). However, they are generally inappropriate for plant cell suspensions due to the larger cell and aggregate sizes. 

Blast loaded structures produce high reaction loads at column supports. This usually requires substantial base plates as well as high capacity anchor bolts. Achieving full anchorage of these bolts is of primary importance and will usually require headed bolts or plates at the embedded end of the bolts to prevent pullout. When anchor bolts are securely anchored into concrete, the failure mechanism is a ductile, tensile failure of the bolt steel. Insufficient edge distance or insufficient spacing between bolts results in a lower anchorage capacity and a brittle failure mode. 

Figure 5.2). Panels can be quite strong since this is a very efficient structural action however, end anchorage is extremely important to achieving significant capacity. Resistance to blast loads of more than 2-4 psi (14-28 kPa) will normally require tensile membrane response. 

Most recombinant mammalian cells are adherent cells that grow in an anchorage-dependent manner, requiring a surface support to replicate. To provide a large surface area with a minimum of cell culture medium, the adherent mammahan cells are... 

The growth requirements and properties of the host cell. Cells requiring foetal bovine serum will be more expensive to use than cells for which a cheaper serum source is adequate. Cells which grow in suspension are much easier to scale up to large cultures than cells which are anchorage dependent. 

Although certain simple functions of the liver, such as the removal of some toxins, can be performed by using dialysis and adsorption with activated charcoal, it is clear that such a simple artificial approach cannot perform the complex functions of the liver, and that any practical liver support system must use living hepatocytes. It should be mentioned at this point that hepatocytes have an anchorage-dependent nature that is, they require a form of anchor (i.e., a solid surface or scaffold) on which to grow. Thus, the use of single-cell suspensions is not appropriate for liver cell culture, and fiver cells attached to solid surfaces are normally used. Encapsulated fiver cells and spheroids (i.e., spherical aggregates of fiver cells) may also be used for this purpose. 

Anchorage dependency has been recognized as a requirement for cell viability and the shape of a cell after adhesion is a detenninant of cell expression. Hohner and Denker examined hormone production from cells attached to substrata of both rigid and soft hydrogels of the same composition. The cells attached to the soft gel were more productive and this was attributed to the fact that the cells were more rounded. Mescher studied cytotoxic T lymphocytes and latex particles of various diameters coated with ligands for T-cell receptors. An inverse relationship between 2005 by CRC Press LLC... 

Adherent insect cell release from solid surfaces generally does not require trypsinization, unlike anchorage-dependent mammalian cells. Insect cells, like mammalian cells, need rigorous aseptic manipulation during cell transfer, inoculation, and propagation in bioreactors. A minimal inoculum density is required for both cell types. Typically, insect and mammalian cell cultures are initiated with inocula of 1-2 X 105 cells per milliliter of liquid medium (Agathos, 1991). Table 2.3 summarizes the major differences and similarities between these cells. 

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