Area equivalent

Other Sedimentation Seale-Up Equations. Some centrifuge supphers use an area-equivalent, description instead of S others use KQ or values. All of these ate in urhts of area. For a disk centrifuge,... 

The choice of parameter used in the determination of size distribution should include consideration of the information needed in the interpretation of the data. For example, in the case of a manufacturer of paint pigment, the size parameter that best describes the hiding power (performance of the pigment) is the projected area of particles. A powdered catalyst manufacturer is primarily concerned with surface-area equivalence. 

B An individual pocket of porosity shall not exceed the lesser of Ttt /3 or Vh in in its greatest dimension. The total area of porosity projected radially through the weld shall not exceed an area equivalent to 3 times the area of a single npaximum pocket allowable in any square inch (645 mnr) of projected weld area. 

The solid product, BaO, was apparently amorphous and porous. Decomposition rate measurements were made between the phase transformation at 1422 K and 1550 K (the salt melts at 1620 K). The enthalpy and entropy of activation at 1500 K (575 13 kJ mole-1 and 200 8 J K"1 mole-1) are very similar to the standard enthalpy and entropy of decomposition at the same temperature (588 7 kJ and 257 5 J K-1, respectively, referred to 1 mole of BaS04). The simplest mechanistic explanation of the observations is that all steps in the reaction are in equilibrium except for desorption of the gaseous products, S02 and 02. Desorption occurs over an area equivalent to about 1.4% of the total exposed crystal surface. Other possible models are discussed. 

An area-equivalent Gaussian ( normal ) distribution curve can be superimposed. 

Area of pasture required 4000000 ha 40000 km (land area equivalent to the size of Holland)... 

In addition, Turner and Trimble defined a slip equation of state combination as the specification of mass flux, momentum flux, energy density, and energy flux as single-valued functions of the geometric parameters (area, equivalent diameter, roughness, etc.) at any z location, and of mass flux, pressure, and enthalpy,... 

Fig. 18. Effect of orifice geometry on bubble formation for orifices based on area equivalence.

The situation may be different for irregular geometries like rectangle, etc., as is found by Krishnamurthi et al. (K7), who observe that the bubble volumes obtained for a rectangle made on the basis of area equivalence are higher than those obtained from a circular orifice. 

Figure 2. Distribution of selected minerals in Upper Freeport coal as a function of area-equivalent particle diameter (ym).

The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA) of 1976, as amended, is the most significant fisheries legislation in the nation s 200-year history. It provides for the conservation and exclusive management by the U.S. of all fishery resource within the Fishery Conservation Zone or FCZ which extends 200 nautical miles from our shores. The land area equivalent to the U.S. FCZ is approximately 3.6 million square miles. It has afforded an unprecedented opportunity for U.S. commercial and recreational fishermen to reach new levels of production and to expand further their already significant contributions to the nation s food supply and economy. 

Other definitions are often used. For example, Stringham et cil. (S8) based Re on the area-equivalent diameter while Christiansen and Barker (C3) used cylinder length. 

There are both similarities and differences between scattering by spherical and by nonspherical particles. Near the forward direction, where scattering may be associated primarily with diffraction, external reflection, and twice-refracted transmission (Hodkinson and Greenleaves, 1963), nonspherical particles scatter similarly to area-equivalent spheres, in general. Forward scattering by large particles is dominated by diffraction, which depends on particle... 

Large nonspherical particles scatter similarly to area-equivalent spheres near the forward direction. 

If there is one succinct conclusion to be made it is that nonspherical particles and area-equivalent spheres scatter similarly near the forward direction, but differences between the two tend to increase with increasing scattering angle. 

A fly ash sample from a fluidized bed coal combustor is analyzed to obtain particle size data. Table PI. 1 shows the distributions of the projected area equivalent diameter of the particle dA obtained by the image analysis and the volume diameter of the particle d obtained by the electrozone technique [Ghadiri et al., 1991]. 

Table VI. SEM-AIA Classification of Mineral Matter in Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal Samples Obtained from TRW. The mineral phases are described by chemistry and area-equivalent diameter (in ym), expressed as weight percent of the total coal.

In electrophotography, the photoreceptor must have a wide area equivalent to the size of the final copy because the image on the photoreceptor is directly transferred to the paper. The rf glow- discharge technique has been... 

Fig. 11.14 Apparent radiocarbon ages (see text) in shallow (dots) and deeper (circles) wells and age contours for the Watrak Shedi subbasin. The 2000-year values correspond to the recharge area (equivalent to an initial 14C of 80 pmc). The higher apparent ages indicate confinement of the aquifer in the lower half of the subbasin. A flow velocity of 6 m/year is calculated in the confined aquifer (see text). (From Borole et al., 1979.)...

In most cases, w d, and so the surface is S = 2hv. A cylindrically shaped conductor with radius r and length l shows a cross-sectional area nr2 and a surface S = 2ttrl. For a cross-sectional area equivalent to the printed board wiring, the radius r can be calculated as follows ... 

Figure 29 shows a recent picture of the ozone hole taken from space. Strictly speaking the use of the word hole to describe what happens to ozone in the Antarctic is an exaggeration. There is undoubtedly a massive depletion of ozone, particularly between 12 and 20 km in the Antarctic stratosphere (up to 100%) but the total column of ozone is depleted rather than removed altogether (see Figure 28). The exact location and size of the hole varies with meteorological conditions, but the area covered has increased over the past 10 years or so (see Figure 30). Currently, in the austral spring the hole extends over the entire Antarctic continent, occasionally including the tip of South America, covering an area equivalent to the North American continent (ca. 22 million km ) (see Figure 31).

Wood 1992). In addition, the ensuing road network and infrastructure left in the wake of these recent activities increased access to primary forest, precipitating further deforestation. By 1996, about 52 million hectares, nearly the size of France, had been deforested in Brazilian Amazonia (INPE 1998). At the average rate of deforestation from 1992 to 1996 (1.9 million hectares per year), another area equivalent to this figure will be added by the year 2025, a time frame within the career of many reading this book. 

Figure 3 Parsol MCX in polymer film (amount/surtace area equivalent to 2% in a cream spread at 2mg/cm2) exposed to sun at Jungtraujoch, Switzerland, 11,500 feet a.s.l./3580m, ii.M. Irradiance 4.2SU/hr = 4.2MED/hr.

The ship has two propellers and two rudders. The propellers were made of nickel-aluminium-bronze alloy (NAB) and modelled as solid disks with a surface area equivalent to the real propellers. The shaft is made of carbon steel and the propellers and shafts were assumed to be uncoated because of turbulence engendered by propeller movement. The ship s hull and rudders are also made of carbon steel, which were coated to prevent corrosion. The ICCP system evaluated included four anodes and a centre controlled power supply. The half of ship BEM model was shown in figure 2. 

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