Vertical vessels

Horizontal Vessel, Vertical Leaf Filters. In a cylindrical vessel with a horizontal axis (Fig. 18), the vertical leaves can be arranged either laterally or longitudinally. The latter, less common, arrangement may be designed as the vertical vessel, vertical leaf filters but mounted horizontally. Its design is suitable for smaller duties and the leaves can be withdrawn individually through the opening end of the vessel. 

Vertical Vessel, Horizontal Leaf Filters. These filters, like all horizontal leaf filters, are advantageous where the flow is intermittent or where thorough cake washing is required. Filtration areas are limited to about 45 m. ... 

Horizontal or vertical vessel filters, especially those with vertical rotating elements, have undergone rapid development with the aim of making truly continuous pressure filters, particularly but not exclusively for the filtration of fine coal. There are basically three categories of continuous pressure filters available, ie, disk filters, dmm filters, and belt filters including both hydrauHc and compression varieties. 

The vertical position is preferred if the plot space is tight. Horizontal vessels are easier to support and are preferred when large Hquid surge volumes are required. The Hquid level displacement height for a unit volume is much less for a horizontal vessel than for a vertical vessel, which makes the control range shorter than for a vertical vessel. The displacement height per unit volume is only approximately linear on horizontal vessel when the level is near the center line, however. This can be a problem if the normal Hquid level is too low or too high and the instniments are not tuned for quick response. 

The vessel can be supported off the stmcture and sometimes off the rack. Some economy may be possible by combining two or more services into a common vessel by using a single vessel that has an internal head. Differential pressure as weU as concerns over internal leakage need to be considered for these services. This can be done with vertical vessels as weU. A knockout section can be provided below or above the main vessel. 

Reactors. Reactors are a special type of vertical vessel. Some reactors are also in horizontal vessels but this is rare. Reference 7 covers reactors in more detail (see also Reactor technology). Reactors provide the means by which chemical reactions occur to transform feedstocks into products. 

Minimum work for an ideal separation at first glance appears unrelated to the slender vertical vessel having a condenser at the top and a reboder at the bottom. The connection becomes evident when one calculates the work embedded in the heat flow that enters the reboder and leaves at the condenser. An ideal engine can extract work from this heat. 

Gas turbine fuels can contain natural surfactants if the cmde fraction is high in organic acids, eg, naphthenic (cycloparaffinic) acids of 200—400 mol wt. These acids readily form salts that are water-soluble and surface-active. Older treating processes for sulfur removal can leave sulfonate residues which are even more powerful surfactants. Refineries have installed processes for surfactant removal. Clay beds to adsorb these trace materials are widely used, and salt towers to reduce water levels also remove water-soluble surfactants. In the field, clay filters designed as cartridges mounted in vertical vessels are also used extensively to remove surfactants picked up in fuel pipelines, in contaminated tankers, or in barges. 

Adsorber Vessel The most frequently used method of fluid-solid contac t for adsorption operations is in cyhndrical, vertical vessels, with... 

External-Cake Tubular Filters Several filter designs are available with vertical tubes supported by a filtrate-chamber tube sheet in a vertical cylindrical vessel (Fig. 18-115). The tubes may be made of wire cloth porous ceramic, carbon, plastic, or metal or closely wound wire. The tubes may have a filter cloth on the outside. Frequently a filter-aid precoat will be applied to the tubes. The prefilt slurry is fed near the bottom of the vertical vessel. The filtrate passes from the outside to the inside of the tubes and into a filtrate chamber at the top or the bottom of the vessel. The sohds form a cake on the outside ofthe tubes with the filter area actually increasing as the cake builds up, partially compensating for the increased flow resistance of the thicker cake. The filtration cycle continues until the differential pressure reaches a specified level, or until about 25 mm (1 in) of cake thickness is obtainea... 

The quencher arm shoiild be anchored to prevent pipe whip. It should also extend to the length (for horizontal vessels) or the height (for vertical vessels) of the vessel to evenly distribute the vapors in the pool. 

The height should not greatly exceed the height of the building (for vertical vessels). 

The diameter should be sufficient to allow installation of the pipes and deflector plates in such a way as not to interfere directly with one another (particularly important for vertical vessels). 

Eor vertical vessels—at least 25 feet above grade or other level at w hich a fire could be sustained. 

Vertical Pressure Leaf Filters are essentially the same as Horizontal Plate Filters except for the orientation of the filter elements which are vertical rather than horizontal. They are applied for the polishing slurries with very lov solids content of 1-5% or for cake filtration with a solids concentration of 20-25%. As with the horizontal plate filter the vertical leaf filters are also well suited for handling flammable, toxic and corrosive materials since they are autoclaved and designed for hazardous environments when high pressure and safe operation are required. Likewise, they may be readily jacketed for applications whenever hot or cold temperatures are to be preserved.The largest leaf filters in horizontal vessels have a filtration area of 300 m and vertical vessels 100 m both designed for an operating pressure of 6 bar. 

Cone-bottom vertical vessels are sometimes used where solids are anticipated to be a problem. Most cones have either a 90 apex (a = 45 ) or a 60 apex ia = 30 ). These are referred to respectively as a 45 or 60 cone because of the angle each makes with the horizontal. Equation 12-4 is for the thickness of a conical head that contains pressure. Some operators use internal cones within vertical vessels with standard ellipsoidal heads as shown in Figure 12-2. The ellipsoidal heads contain the pressure, and thus the internal cone can be made of very thin steel. 

Small vertical vessels may be supported by angle support legs, as shown in Figure 12-11. Larger vertical vessels are generally supported by a skirt support, as shown in Figure 12-12. At least two (2) vent holes, 180" apart, should be provided at the uppermost location in the. skirt to prevent the accumulation of gas, which may create explosive conditions. Horizontal vessels are generally supported by a pair of saddle type supports. 

Figure 4-16 pictorially depicts the action of the wire mesh when placed in a vertical vessel. 

Figure 4-22. Typicetl installation of mesh strips in vertical vessel. Courtesy of Otto H. York Co., Inc.

Figure 4-23. Typical Installation of wound mesh pads In vertical vessel. Courtesy of Metal Textile Corp., Bulletin ME 9-58.

MEHRA, Y. R. (1979) Chem. Eng., NY 86 (July 2nd) 87. Liquid surge capacity in horizontal and vertical vessels. 

Skirt supports are recommended for vertical vessels as they do not impose concentrated loads on the vessel shell they are particularly suitable for use with tall columns subject to wind loading. 

Brackets, or lugs, can be used to support vertical vessels. The bracket may rest on the building structural steel work, or the vessel may be supported on legs Figure 13.24. 

Final H2S removal takes place in four vertical vessels each approximately 60 feet (18.3 m) in height and 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter and equipped with five trays of iron-oxide absorbent. Each vessel is provided with a locking lid of the autoclave type. The total pressure drop across these vessels is 5 psi (35 kN/m2). Gas leaving this section of the plant contains less than 1 ppm of H2S and passes to the C02 removal stage at a temperature of 35°C. 

Figure B-8 Tray costs for distillation columns. (Use vertical vessel charts for shell.)...

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