Anabolic effect

Condensation of the lynestrol intermediate (47) with ethyl-magnesium bromide affords the oral androgen ethylestrenol (72) Animal experiments on the various drugs above have all shown increased anabolic effects relative to androgenicity. 

PTH has a dual effect on bone cells, depending on the temporal mode of administration given intermittently, PTH stimulates osteoblast activity and leads to substantial increases in bone density. In contrast, when given (or secreted) continuously, PTH stimulates osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and suppresses osteoblast activity. Further to its direct effects on bone cells, PTH also enhances renal calcium re-absorption and phosphate clearance, as well as renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Both PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D act synergistically on bone to increase serum calcium levels and are closely involved in the regulation of the calcium/phosphate balance. The anabolic effects of PTH on osteoblasts are probably both direct and indirect via growth factors such as IGF-1 and TGF 3. The multiple signal transduction... 

GAO Y H and YAMAGUCHI M (1999c) Anabolic effect of daidzein on cortical bone in tissue culture Comparison with genistein effect. Mol Cell Biochem 194, 93-8. 

SUGIMOTO E and yamaguchi m (2000a) Anabolic effect of genistein in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. IntJ Mol Med 5, 515-20. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1451-J 452.) The use of anabolic steroids by athletes has become quite alarming in recent years. These steroids, which have androgenic and anabolic effects, are used to improve... 

Figure 12.17 Sites at which insulin stimulates protein synthesis in a muscle. The sites are indicated by 0. Insulin has its anabolic effect on protein synthesis in muscle by affecb ng six processes or reactions (i) it inhibits protein degradab on in the muscle (ii) it sb mulates amino acid transport from the blood into the muscle (iii) it stimulates the inib ab on-reacb on of the pathway for protein synthesis, i.e. formab on of the complex (tRNA-amino acid-mRNA-ribosomal RNA) (iv) it increases the rate of mRNA synthesis, and therefore the number of mRNA molecules (v) it stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis (vi) it sb mulates elongabon of the pepbde (see Chapter 20).

Anabolics are testosterone derivatives (e.g., clostebol, metenolone, nan-drolone, stanozolol) that are used in debilitated patients, and misused by athletes, because of their protein anabolic effect. They act via stimulation of androgen receptors and, thus, also display androgenic actions (e.g., virilization in females, suppression of spermatogenesis). 

Aminopyrine, 234 Aminotetradine, 265 2-Aminothiazole, 247 2-Aminothiazole synthesis, 126 Amisotetradine, 266 Amobarbital, 268 Amopyroquine, 342 Amoxycillin, 414 Amphetamine, 37, 70 Ampicillin, 413 Amprolium, 264 Amytriptylene, 141, 404 Anabolic effects, 169 Androgens, discovery, 155 Androstanolone, 173 Androstenedione, 158, 176 Anesthesia, parenteral, 56 Angst, 363 Anileridine, 300 Aniline, metabolism. 111 Anisindandione, 147 Anovlar , 186 Antagonists, 20, 65 Antazoline, 242 Antibodies, 41... 

Yamaguchi, M. and Matsui, T. (1997). Zinc enhancement of 17beta-estradiol s anabolic effect in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Calcif. Tissue Int. 60, 527-532. 

The anabolic effects of somatropin are mediated by somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors. Somatropin is a synthetic polypeptide identical to the natural occurring growth hormone which stimulates longitudinal growth. Only preparations made with recombinant DNA technology are used nowadays. They can consist of 191 amino acids as growth hormone itself or 192 amino acids with one extra methionine. Somatropin is employed in the treatment... 

Gonadotropin regnlation Spermatogenesis Sexnal dysfnnction Sexnal restoration and development Protein anabolic effects Increased bone density Increased mnscle mass Increased red blood cell mass... 

Anabolic activities of testosterone, such as increases in amino acid incorporation into protein and in RNA polymerase activity, have been demonstrated in skeletal muscle. Apart from the direct anabolic effects in specific tissue, androgens antagonize the protein catabolic action of glucocorticoids. The androgen compounds with the greatest ratio of protein anabolic effects to virilizing effects are the 19-nortestosterone derivatives. Compounds that are used clinically (Table 63.3) include nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin), nandrolone decanoate... 

The protein anabolic compounds are most commonly used to stimulate appetite and muscle mass in persons with advanced malignancy or other conditions characterized by advanced malnutrition. These compounds are also often abused by athletes who are trying to build muscle mass. Athletes often take multiple compounds at the same time (stacking) or sequentially to try to maximize their anabolic effects. This type of use is not based on scientific data but rather on hyperbole often spread by individuals with no medical or scientific background. Athletes who use these compounds in this way are unaware of the potential adverse effects or do not care. 

D. Skeletal muscle cells use the androgen receptor to bind testosterone that promotes the anabolic effect of this hormone. 

Mechanism of Action Asynfheficisomer of thyroxine involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development, especially of fhe CNS in infants. Possesses catabolic and anabolic effects. Therapeutic Effect Increases basal metabolic rate, enhances gluco-neogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis. 

The growth hormone releasing hormone (or factor) (GHRH somatocrinin) was isolated only in 1982. It consists of either 40 or 44 amino acids. In addition to stimulating growth hormone production it also stimulates release of somatomedins, which are responsible for the many anabolic effects of growth hormone. Its production by recombinant DNA techniques has made it possible to undertake physiological studies on its activity. 

Johnston CA, Demarest KT, McCormack KM, et al. 1980. Endocrinological, neurochemical, and anabolic effects of polybrominated biphenyls in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 56 240-247. 

Estradiol-17 is given to animals in form of a subcutaneous implant in the ear, alone or in combination with other hormonally active compounds such as progesterone or trenbolone acetate. Estradiol-17 is used in steers, to best advantage, but also exhibits some anabolic effects in heifers and veal calves. It works best in lambs in conjunction with androgens, but is not effective as an anabolic agent in pigs. It has been used in many forms in the past including the benzoate, dipropionate, hemisuccinate, heptanoate, propionate, undecanoate, and valerate esters. 

Clenbuterol is known to be illegally used orally in the feed or drinking water to improve carcass characteristics and productivity in animals (12). After administration at anabolically effective levels, clenbuterol residues are present in most tissues of treated animals, particularly in liver, even after long periods of withdrawal (13). Massive human toxicity has been related to consumption of liver and meat from such illegally treated animals (5). 

---