Hormones growth stimulation

Particular attention is also given to the biochemistry of inositol phosphates, because previous investigations suggest that, for example, inositol-l,4,5-tri-phosphate (IP3) serves as an intracellular second messenger for a multitude of hormones, growth-stimulating feictors, and neurotransmitters. In the past, such... 

Steriods A group of organic compounds, some of which act as hormones to stimulate cell growth in higher animals and humans. 

Nickel ions have been shown to depress the in vivo and in vitro release of prolactin [336], while the release of growth hormone was stimulated, and only at relatively high ion concentrations. Hyperglycemia occurs in rats following intraperitoneal or intratracheal injections of NiCl2 [265, 337, 338], The mechanism of action of nickel appears to be inhibition of insulin release this inhibition could be related to the extremely high concentration of nickel found in the pituitary and the effect on the secretion of the pituitary hormones (growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone). 

Hormones can modify the concentration of precursors, particularly the lipolytic hormones (growth hormone, glucagon, adrenaline) and cortisol. The lipolytic hormones stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue so that they increase glycerol release and the glycerol is then available for gluconeogenesis. Cortisol increases protein degradation in muscle, which increases the release of amino acids (especially glutamine and alanine) from muscle (Chapter 18). 

Anterior part produces its own hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones, e.g., adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, luteinizing hormone LH, follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Thyroid Regulation of metabolism, development, and maturation... 

The anabolic effects of somatropin are mediated by somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors. Somatropin is a synthetic polypeptide identical to the natural occurring growth hormone which stimulates longitudinal growth. Only preparations made with recombinant DNA technology are used nowadays. They can consist of 191 amino acids as growth hormone itself or 192 amino acids with one extra methionine. Somatropin is employed in the treatment... 

Inhibition of secretion of Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Prolactin Acm... 

Mechanism of Action A polypeptide hormone that stimulates cartilaginous growth areas of long bones, increases the number and size of skeletal muscle cells, influences the size of organs, and increases RBC mass by stimulating erythropoietin. Influences the metabolism of carbohydrates (decreases insulin sensitivity), fats (mobilizes fatty acids), minerals (retains phosphorus, sodium, potassium by promotion of cell growth), and proteins (increases protein synthesis). Therapeutic Effect Stimulates growth. 

It stimulates growth directly and in conjunction with other hormones. It stimulates the multiplication of the cells of epiphyseal cartilage and thus increases the length of the cartilage bone. After administration, there is an increased body growth due to its direct effect on the tissues. It stimulates the growth of muscles. It also increases the secretion of milk during lactation. 

Glucocorticoids given chronically suppress the pituitary release of ACTH, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. 

As well as the sex hormones already mentioned (see above), many other hormones seem to affect the metabolism of foreign compounds and therefore may have effects on toxicity. A number of pituitary hormones may directly, as well as indirectly, affect metabolism, for example, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. Thus, hypophysectomy in male rats results in a general decrease in metabolism, but the effects of some of the individual hormones may depend on the sex of the animal and the particular enzyme or metabolic pathway. For example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration decreases oxidative metabolism in males but increases N-demethylation in female rats. Removal of the adrenal gland reduces metabolism, such as ethylmorphine demethylation and aniline 4-hydroxylation, and this can... 

For proteins that are not enzymes, other quantification methods are required. Transport proteins can be assayed by their binding to the molecule they transport, and hormones and toxins by the biological effect they produce for example, growth hormones will stimulate the growth of certain cultured cells. Some structural proteins represent such a large fraction of a tissue mass that they can be readily extracted and purified without a functional assay. The approaches are as varied as the proteins themselves. 

Two aliphatic acids possess, for grasses, many of the growth-distortion and toxicity effects associated with the synthetic auxins on dicotyledonous plants. Trichloroacetic acid and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), as the sodium salts, have been called grass "hormones or auxins, although Wilkinson184 could find no growth stimulation at low concentrations, and described dalapon as an antiauxin from its interference with indole-3-acetic acid effects. The herbicidal properties of trichloroacetate do not depend on its protein-denaturing ability, and those of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid involve, at least indirectly, the synthesis of pantothenic acid. 

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