Ammonium phosphate.trihydrate

G.15 A chemist prepared an aqueous solution by mixing 2.50 g of ammonium phosphate trihydrate, (NH4)3P04-3H20 and 1.50 g of potassium phosphate, K3P04, with 500 g of water, (a) Determine the number of moles of formula units of each compound that was measured, (b) How many moles of P043- are present in solution (c) Calculate the mass of phosphate ions present in the solution, (d) What is the total mass of the water present in the solution ... 

Ammonium phosphate trihydrate (NH3)3P03 3H3O 10361-66-6 203.133 wh prisms 26.0 i ace... 

Write the formulas of ammonium phosphate trihydrate and potassium sulfide pentahydrate. 

Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (15.9 g) potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4.0 g) disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (7 g) ammonium sulfate (1.2 g) ammonium chloride (0.2 g) magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1 g) yeast extract (5 g )... 

Fitch AN, Cole M (1991) The stmcture of KU02P04.3D20 refined from neutron and synchrotron-radiation powder diffraction data. Material Res 6ull 26 407-414 Fitch AN, Fender 6EF (1983) The stmcture of deuterated ammonium uranyl phosphate trihydrate, ND4U02P04(D20)3by powder neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallogr C39 162-166 Flachsbart 1 (1963) Zur Kristallstruktur von Phosphoferrit (Fe, Mn)3(P04)2(H20)3. Z Kristallogr 118 327-331... 

Evolution of ammonia from a boiling dilute solution of diammonium phosphate gradually reduces the pH. This process is used commercially to control the precipitation of alkaH-soluble—acid-insoluble coUoidal dyes on wool. Other ammonium orthophosphate salts of interest are ammonium hemiphosphate [28537-48-6] NH4H2PO4 H3PO4, and its hydrate [28037-74-3], as well as the trihydrate [78436-07-4] of DAP. 

Quantitative risk assessments have been performed on a variety of flame-retardants used both in upholstered furniture fabric and foam. The National Research Council performed a quantitative risk assessment on 16 chemicals (or chemical classes) identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The results were published in 2000.88 The 16 flame-retardants included in this NRC study were HBCD, deca-BDE, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphonic acid, (3- [hydroxymethyl]amino -3-oxopropyl)-dimethylester, organic phosphonates, tris (monochloropropyl) phosphate, tris (l,3-dichloropropyl-2) phosphate, aromatic phosphate plasticisers, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) hydronium salts, and chlorinated paraffins. The conclusions of the assessment was that the following flame-retardants can be used on residential furniture with minimal risk, even under worst-case assumptions ... 

Ammonium orthophosphates.—Evaporation of a solution of phosphoric acid neutralized with excess of ammonia yields the trihydrate of tjae normal phosphate, (NH4)3P04,8HS0, in the form of transparent prisms.5 A pentahydrate has also been described.6 When the ammoniaeal solution is heated with aluminium, the phosphate of this metal is formed zinc liberates hydrogen.7... 

The inactivated 3, 4 -dideoxykanamycin B in the reaction mixture was extracted by two repetitions of chromatography on Amberlite CG-50 (NHa ) resin, with 0.2% ammonia for elution, and the product purified by chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 with ammonium formate. The inactivated product was eluted with 0.8 M ammonium formate, and separated from the salt by chromatography on Amberlite CC-50 resin with 0.2% ammonia. The inactivated product thus purified darkens at 205-209°, but does not melt even at 280°. The empirical formula of monoadenylyl-3, 4 -dideoxykanamycin B trihydrate was shown by elementary analysis. It gave positive ninhydrin, Rydon-Smith, and Hanes " reactions. On high-voltage paper-electrophoresis at 3.5 kV for 15 minutes, with 3 1 36 acetic acid-formic acid-water, the inactivated product moved 13.4 cm towards the cathode, whereas 3, 4 -dideoxykana-mycin B moved 16.8 cm. The inactivated product showed a u.v. maximum at 260 nm (c iv 15.40) in water, and a maximum at 258 nm 14.40) in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The inactivated product was hydrolyzed to 3, 4 -dideoxykanamydn B and adenylic acid by snake-venom phosphate diesterase. 

Mitsuhashi and coworkers found streptomycin phosphate transferase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa TI-13 they isolated the inactivated compound, which was shown to have the empirical formula of a mono-0-phosphonodihydrostreptomycin monocarbonate trihydrate by elementary analysis. They also found the same enzyme in other strains, namely, 99, 137, 138, 351, 10126, Cape 18, and TI-11. The enzyme in the supernatant liquor (600 ml) from centrifugation of disrupted eells of strain TI-13 at 105,000g was precipitated by ammonium sulfate at 33-66% saturation. Further purification by successive, column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 (with a gradient of potassium... 

There are several fillers and inoiganic/organic additives used in flame retarded materials and these include antimony oxide, aluminum trihydrate, zinc borate, ammonium octamolybdate, and zinc stannate. The details related to the composition required and performance characteristics of inorganic additives can be found in specialized monograph. Some of these compounds are discussed below in relation to their effects on enhancement of performance of phosphate plasticizers. 

Jash and Wilkie [86] reported that even when the fraction of clay was as low as 0.1 wt% the PBQiR in a cone calorimeter was lowered by 40 %. Lee et al. [87] demonstrated that incorporation of 6, 8 and 10 wt% of MMT into epoxy resin increased linearly the char yield firom 9.1 to 15.4 % reducing the thermal degradation of the epoxy matrix. Nazare et al. [88] studied the flammability properties of unsaturated polyester resin with nanoclays using cone calorimetry. The authors verified that the incorporation of 5 wt% of nanoclays reduces the PHRR by 23-27 % and THR values by 4-11 %. While incorporation of condensed-phase flame retardants (such as ammonium polyphosphate, melamine phosphate and alumina trihydrate) reduce the PHRR and THR values of polyester resin, the inclusion of small amounts of nanoclay (5 % w/w) in combination with these char promoting flame retardants causes total reductions of the PHRR of polyester resin in the range 60-70 %. Ammonium polyphosphate, in particular and in combination with polyester-nanoclay hybrids show the best results compared to other flame retardants. 

Other flame retardant materials in use include ammonium polyphosphate, organophosphates (112), bromoaromatic phosphates, red phosphorus, aluminum oxide trihydrate, antimony oxide, melamine, and synergistic combinations of two or more of these (110,111). Currently, people are focusing more on phosphorous containing compounds relative to halogens (113-115). The percentage of each of these materials in use today, based on dollar value, is given in Table 14.9. 

In general purpose applications competitively priced thermosets are used for the printed circuit board base material which is usually FR4 (Flame Retardant) . One of the main flame retardants used in America is to have tetrabromobisphenol-A reacted into the epoxy resin. Non-halogen systems include additives such as alumina trihydrate, alumina trihydrate/red phosphorus and aromatic phosphates. Flame retardant epoxy coatings are reported to use ammonium polyphosphate with char-forming additives. 

FIGURE 11.9 Percentage residual mass differences between resin-flame-retardant clay and respective resin-flame-retardant TGA responses to show the effect of Cloisite 25A clay on the thermal degradation of a vinyl ester resin containing the flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine phosphate (NH), melamine phosphate and dipentaerythritol (NW), and alumina trihydrate (ATH). (From Ref. 13, with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.)... 

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