Ammonium azide perchlorate

The compound is obtained very easily by admixing a soluble azide to an aqueous thallium(I) salt solution. The product precipitates immediately as a straw-yellow crystal powder. Larger crystals are obtainable by cooling hot, saturated aqueous solutions [62]. Combinations such as thallium sulfate/ potassium azide [237] and thallium nitrate/ammonium azide [61] may be used for the preparation. This author prefers thallium perchlorate and sodium azide, because favorable solubility products of the ions involved and the absence of hydration lead to a material that is free of coprecipitated ions. For example, to a stirred solution of 200 g TICIO4 in 1600 ml water is admixed 45 g sodium azide dissolved in 150 ml water. The dense precipitate is washed with cold water until perchlorate free, and then with acetone. Practical yield, 152 g. The product should be stored completely dry as the damp material tends to discolor [236]. 

An interesting class of molecular crystals are those that easily decompose exothermally i.e., explosive crystals. Some form from small molecules such as lead azide [Pb(N3)2] and ammonium perchlorate (NH4CIO4) and others form moderately large molecules such as RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), and PETN (pentaerythritol-tetranitrate). 

Iodoform Iodomethane Iron disulfide Isothiourea Ketones Lactonitrile Lead Acetone, lithium, mercury(II) oxide, mercury(I) chloride, silver nitrate Silver chlorite, sodium Water, powdered pyrites Acrylaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid Aldehydes, nitric acid, perchloric acid Oxidizing materials Ammonium nitrate, chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium azide and carbide, zirconium, oxidants... 

Ammonium perchlorate, Impurities, 4004 Azidoacetic acid, 0774 f Aziridine, Acids, 0863 Benzoyl azide, 2698 Benzyl chloroformate, 2931 1,2-Bis(dilluoroamino)-A-nitroethylamine, 0803 Bromine trioxide, 0259 2-Butanone oxime, 1654 2-Butyne-l,4-diol, 1526... 

Several explosive salts including the acetylide, azide, borate, bromate, chlorate, chromate, iodate (and ammonium iodate double salt), nitrite, perchlorate (and ammonium perchlorate double salt), periodate, permanganate, picrate and trinitrobenzoate were prepared. The 3 latter salts and the acetylide, azide and bromate are impact-sensitive detonators [1], It appears probable that many of the explosively unstable compounds [2], formed in various ways from interaction of mercury or its compounds with ammonia or its salts, may have the common polymeric structure now recognised for Millon s base [3], This is a silica-like network of N+ and Hg in 4- and 2-coordination, respectively, with OH and water in the interstitial spaces. Individually indexed compounds are Poly(dimercuryimmonium acetylide)... 

Pb azide, Pb nitrophenols, Pb triethanol-ammonium perchlorate and PETN or RDX, with a sheath spun from filaments of a thermo plastic material or a ductile metal such as bronze) Ad 159) J.F. Kenney, USP 3293091(1966) CA 67, 7089(1967) [Primary expl mixts contg 46% of complex clathrate inclusion salts (as shown by X-ray diffraction data) of basic lead picrate, such as Pb(C5H2N3O7)2-Pb(OH)2-Pb(N03)2.-Pb(OAc)2, 50% Ba nitrate 4% Tetracene]... 

Sodium hydroxide. Sodium cyanide. Bromine, Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid. Bromine, Sodium cyanide Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Bromine, Methylene chloride Biguanide, Ethanol, Perchloric acid. Ethyl acetate l,3-Dichloro-2-propanol, Trioxane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Sulfuric acid, Sodium bicarbonate, Dimethylsulfoxide, Sodium azide. Methylene chloride Ammonium nitrate, Nitromethane Ammonium nitrate, Hydrazine Sodium nitrate, Sulfur, Charcoal Potassium nitrate, Sulfur, Charcoal Magnesium powder, Hexachlorethane, Naphthalene... 

Ammonium Salts Which are Explosive, examined by H.Kast and described in SS 21, 205-9(1926) and SS 22, 6-9, 30-4, 56-61, 77-80, 99-102 131-5(1925) included azide, bichromate, chlorate, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, permanganate and trichromate... 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

The radiation-induced color changes in inorganic materials (Ref 145) led to a comprehensive study by Rosenwasser, Dreyfus and Levy (Ref 148) on Na azide, which turns to brownish yellow when subjected to radiation. Subsequently, when mechanically deformed crystals of Na and K azide were irradiated with 107R gamma radiation, Dreyfus and Levy (Ref 69) observed the formation of pyramidal etch pits which occurred mainly in regions where imperfections were located at the surface. These were also evident in ammonium perchlorate crystals (Ref 255)... 

Last but not least, ecological aspects have become more and more important. For example, on-going research is trying to find suitable lead-free primary explosives in order to replace lead azide and lead styphnate in primary compositions. Moreover, RDX shows significant eco- and human-toxicity and research is underway to find suitable alternatives for this widely used high explosive. Finally, in the area of rocket propulsion and pyrotechnical compositions, replacements for toxic ammonium perchlorate (replaces iodide in the thyroid... 

DNAN forms colorless crystals with a melting point of 120 Celsius. It is fairly soluble in hot water, hot ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is less soluble in cold water, cold ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform, benzene, ether, and petroleum ether. DNAN is somewhat hygroscopic, and moisture slowly decomposes it—should be stored in a desiccator. A small sample bums leaving a residue of carbon when ignited—a small sample can be detonated by the blow of a hammer. DNAN can be used in explosive compositions when alloyed with TNT, or other low melting secondary explosives, gun propellants with nitrocellulose, nitro starch, or nitroglycerine, and rocket propellants when mixed with ammonium perchlorate. DNAN also demonstrates usefulness for priming mixtures with lead azide, lead styphnate, or diazodinitrophenol, and for use in fireworks. ... 

A measured portion of about 50 ml of the standard ceric ammonium nitrate solution is mixed with 25 ml of dilute perchloric acid in a 250-ml beaker and cooled in an ice bath to about 5°C. A known weight (about 0.65 g) of dry lead azide in a 1 -ml weighing bottle or porcelain crucible is dropped into the cooled solution and covered immediately with a watch glass in order to prevent loss of solution by effervescence. The mixture is stirred occasionally to dissolve the lead azide, after which the solution is removed from the ice bath. After the addition of two drops of the ortfto-phenanthroline-ferrous ammonium sulfate indicator, the solution is titrated with the ferrous ammonium sulfate solution until a color change from light blue to red is produced. The percent lead azide in the sample, on a moisture-free basis is given by... 

To eliminate the problem caused by oxidation of the phlegmatizing agents, it is common practice to distill hydrazoic acid from the azide solution or slurry using perchloric acid. The hydrazoic acid (boiling point 35.7°C)is distilled into a known volume of standard ceric ammonium nitrate. The excess ceric ammonium nitrate is titrated with either standard ferrous ammonium sulfate or sodium... 

The gas-generating propellants are (1) ammonium perchlorate-polybutadiene (AP-PB) composite propellants, (2) nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin (NC-NG) doublebase propellants, and (3) glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) propellants. 

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