Explosion severity

Nahsen Explosives. Several commercial expls of the carbonite type were patented in 1899 by Spregnstoffwerke Dr R. Nahsen Co of Hamburg, Ger. One was named Phoenix Powder and contained NG 29.5, K nitrate 32.0, wood meal 38.0 collodion cotton 0.5%... 

Manufacture of PBX Type Explosives. Several mfg procedures are currently used to produce PBXs. One of these techniques is that of casting. (Fig 1 illustrates a process for PBXN-101). 

Reactivity of flammable material (affects explosion severity highly reactive materials increase the likelihood of a fireball transition to... 

Interaction of chlorine with methane is explosive at ambient temperature over yellow mercury oxide [1], and mixtures containing above 20 vol% of chlorine are explosive [2], Mixtures of acetylene and chlorine may explode on initiation by sunlight, other UV source, or high temperatures, sometimes very violently [3], Mixtures with ethylene explode on initiation by sunlight, etc., or over mercury, mercury oxide or silver oxide at ambient temperature, or over lead oxide at 100°C [1,4], Interaction with ethane over activated carbon at 350°C has caused explosions, but added carbon dioxide reduces the risk [5], Accidental introduction of gasoline into a cylinder of liquid chlorine caused a slow exothermic reaction which accelerated to detonation. This effect was verified [6], Injection of liquid chlorine into a naphtha-sodium hydroxide mixture (to generate hypochlorite in situ) caused a violent explosion. Several other incidents involving violent reactions of saturated hydrocarbons with chlorine were noted [7],... 

Addition of fresh platinum oxide catalyst to a hydrogenation reaction in acetic acid caused immediate explosion. Several similar incidents, usually involving acetic acid as solvent, are known to the author. 

Ethylene leakage from reactor loop ignited causing an explosion severely damaging the facility. Blast estimated to be equivalent to 10 tons of TNT. 

The police was under tremendous public pressure to find the perpetrators. Following the explosions, several people who later became known as the Birmingham Six were detained. 

The ethyl acetate solution of organic species from the pre-treatment scheme shown in Figure 1 is suitable for analysis by this method. In order to cover the range of common explosives several chromatography columns with different types of stationary phase are required to allow for difierent polarities and volatihties. Dimethylsiloxane, phenyl-modified dimethylsiloxane, cyanopropyl- phenyl- vinyl-modified dimethylsiloxane, and polyethylene glycol have been found to represent a useful set of stationary phases. Carefully optimised temperature programming is also needed to obtain the requisite resolution and avoid interferences [19, 20]. 

The dust and powder of tantalum are explosive. Several tantalum compounds are toxic if inhaled or ingested, but the metal itself is nonpoisonous. 

The momentum of the water as it moves outward causes the gas bubble to over-expand so that its pressure drops below the hydrostatic pressure, and then to collapse as liquid flows back in. The return flow also overshoots the gas pressure rises again, but to nowhere near the detonation pressure. However, the bubble expands again in rebound, behaving in effect as a second explosion. Several successive rebounds may occur, each becoming weaker. To evaluate the total damage, both the shock wave and the subsequent bubble pulses must be considered... 

Galleries for Testing Permissible Explosives. Several refs are given in Vol 1, p XIV. European galleries and US galleries at Bruceton,... 

The term "detonator" is sometimes applied to an explosive device placed in certain equipment and set to destroy the equipment under certain conditions. It is preferred, however, to call it Destructor, Explosive. Several types of US destructors are described in Vol 3, pp D92-R to D96 (Ref 48)... 

Halsey and Savage Explosives. Several smokeless powders, containing Ammonium Picrate, were patented in the US in 1896. They were prepd by adding finely pulverized Ammonium Picrate to an aqueous solution of potassium dichromate in such a manner as to form a plastic mass and then slowly adding a coned aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. 

Hexamethylenetetramine Explosives. Several explosive compositions containing hexamine in admixtures with oxidants or as chromium, copper nitrate, perchlorate, peroxide comps are known. Several hexamine/oxidant mixtures have been patented as explosive propellant compositions ... 

Secondary high explosive Severe irritant Severe irritant... 

Explosifs 6 I aluminium. Fr for Aluminized Explosives. Several Fr formulations are listed in Vol I of Encycl under ALUMINUM CONTAINING EXPLOSIVES, on p A146-L. Examination in 1902 by CSE (Commission des Substances Explosives) showed that some of these exp Is, as, for example, Formula. 226 (p A146 L)> were more powerful than PA (Picric Acid). More recently (1948 1950), Medard (p A148-L) determined the properties of die following Fr aluminized explosives ... 

Guanylnitiosaminoguany I tetrazene or Tetracene Salts. It forms numerous salts, most of which are explosive. Several of them are listed in Beil and other refs... 

Dinitrobiuret, 02N.NH.C0.NH.C0.NH.N0 a described in Vol 2, p Bl64 R forms salts, some of which are explosive. Several salts were prepd at PicArsn and described in two reports (Refs 3 4) both of which were conf at the time of publication of Vol 2. One of the salts, the Potassium, K2C2HN 50 5,was mentioned in Encycl, while the Lead dinitro-biuret, PhCgHNgC was not. This salt was prepd by BJankman and described in Ref 4. 

The BurMines criteria for racing the potential explosion hazard of dust by the standard electric spark is defined by the ignition sensitivity, explosion severity and the overall explosibility indices or the correlative adjectives, weak, moderate, strong and severe (Ref 10)... 

Zhirov s Explosives. Several expl mixts based on Tetryl were proposed by N.F. Zhirov ... 

Turmeric Powder Explosives. Several expls patented by Ceipek contain nitrated tumeric powder (Indian saffron), eg, AN 82, nitrated turmeric powder 4, TNT 10, and gelatin 4% (composed of DNT 3.83 NC 0.17%)... 

Tait24 was determined as 181°C by adiabatic Dewar tests, with an apparent energy of activation of 153 kJ/mol [1], The commercial material, containing some 20% of the 2,6- isomer, decomposes at 250°, but at 280°C decomposition becomes self-sustaining. Prolonged heating below these temperatures may also cause some decomposition, and the presence of impurities may decrease the decomposition temperatures [2], Although not considered to be explosive, several cases of... 

Orsman s Explosives. Several expls were patented in Engl by W.J. Orsman between 1896 and 1900. One was called Amvis (see Vol 1, A393-R) others were a) A mining expl obtained when one p of finely pulped cellulose or the slightly nitrated product was blended with one p of hot chlorodinitrobenzene and 20p of powdered AN (BritP of 1896—7) b) A mining expl prepd by mixing one p of lampblack with one p of DNB and 24p of powdered AN (BritP of 1899-90)... 

Manufacture of PBX Type Explosives. Several mfg procedures are currently used to produce PBXs. One of these techniques is that of casting. (Fig 1 illustrates a process for PBXN-101). This procedure, at first glance, merely involves combining a dried expl, such as HMX, with binder constituents and curing initiators in a mixing vessel, blending to desired homogeneity. 

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