Aldehydes nitric acid

Iodoform Iodomethane Iron disulfide Isothiourea Ketones Lactonitrile Lead Acetone, lithium, mercury(II) oxide, mercury(I) chloride, silver nitrate Silver chlorite, sodium Water, powdered pyrites Acrylaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid Aldehydes, nitric acid, perchloric acid Oxidizing materials Ammonium nitrate, chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium azide and carbide, zirconium, oxidants... 

This reaction consists of the condensation of two molecular equivalents of a 1,3 diketone (or a J3-keto-ester) with one equivalent of an aldehyde and one of ammonia. Thus the interaction of ethyl acetoacetate and acetaldehyde and ammonia affords the 1,4-dihy dro-pyridine derivative (1), which when boiled with dilute nitric acid readily undergoes dehydrogenation and aromatisation" to gb e the diethyl ester of collidine (or 2,4,6-trimethyl-pyridine-3,5 dicarboxylic acid (II)). For the initial condensation the solid aldehyde-ammonia can conveniently be used in place of the separate reagents. 

Aromatic alcohols are insoluble in water and usually burn with a smoky flame. Their boiling points are comparatively high some are solids at the ordinary temperature. Many may be oxidised by cautious addi-tion of dilute nitric acid to the corresponding aldehyde upon neutralis-tion of the excess of acid, the aldehyde may be isolated by ether extraction or steam distillation, and then identified as detailed under Aromatic Aldehydes, Section IV,135. 

The reaction of aldoses with nitric acid leads to the formation of aldaric acids by oxidation of both the aldehyde and the terminal primary alcohol function to carboxylic acid groups Aldaric acids are also known as saccharic acids and are named by substi tutmg aric acid for the ose ending of the corresponding carbohydrate... 

Ketones Aldehydes, nitric acid, perchloric acid... 

Aldehydes are important because they are temporary reservoirs of free radicals (see eqs. 11 and 12). HCHO is a known carcinogen. Nitric acid is formed by OH attack on NO2 and by a dark-phase series of reactions initiated by O3 + NO2. Nitric acid is important because it is the second most abundant acid in precipitation. In addition, in southern California it is the major cause of acid fog. 

Oxidation. Olefins in general can be oxidized by a variety of reagents ranging from oxygen itself to ozone (qv), hydroperoxides, nitric acid (qv), etc. In some sequences, oxidation is carried out to create a stable product such as 1,2-diols or glycols, aldehydes, ketones, or carboxyUc acids. In other... 

These precursors are prepared by reaction of fuming nitric acid in excess acetic anhydride at low temperatures with 2-furancarboxaldehyde [98-01-1] (furfural) or its diacetate (16) followed by treatment of an intermediate 2-acetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran [63848-92-0] with pyridine (17). This process has been improved by the use of concentrated nitric acid (18,19), as well as catalytic amounts of phosphoms pentoxide, trichloride, and oxychloride (20), and sulfuric acid (21). Orthophosphoric acid, -toluenesulfonic acid, arsenic acid, boric acid, and stibonic acid, among others are useful additives for the nitration of furfural with acetyl nitrate. Hydrolysis of 5-nitro-2-furancarboxyaldehyde diacetate [92-55-7] with aqueous mineral acids provides the aldehyde which is suitable for use without additional purification. 

Aldehydes are also obtained from thenylalcohols by oxidation with selenium dioxide,A"-bromosuccinimide, persulfate,lead dioxide, and nitric acid. ... 

A general method for the construction of a pyridine ring is the Hantzsch synthesis. A condensation reaction of two equivalents of a /3-ketoester 1 with an aldehyde 2 and ammonia leads to a 1,4-dihydropyridine 3, which can be oxidized to the corresponding pyridine 4—for example by nitric acid ... 

When the aldehyde is heated on the water-bath with 25 per cent, hydrochloric acid, it yields a triphenylmethane derivative, nonamethoxy-triphenylmethane, a body consisting of snow-white crystals, melting at 184 5°. The action of concentrated nitric acid upon the solution in glacial acetic acid of this triphenylmethane derivative gives rise to 1, 2, 5-trimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene (melting at 130°). With bromine, nonamethoxytriphenylmethane combines, with separation of a molecule of trimethoxy bromobenzene, into a tribromo additive compound of hexamethoxy diphenylmethane, a deep violet-blue body. The 1, 2, 5-tri-methoxy-4-bromobenzene (melting at 54 5°) may be obtained more readily from asaronic acid. 

In the flask is placed 64 g. of fuming nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.49) (Note 4), the stirrer is started and about one-sixth (Note 5) of the crude /J-chloropropionaldehyde is added (Note 6) very slowly through the separatory funnel. About 1 cc. of the aldehyde is added to the acid. The temperature remains constant for one or two minutes and then slowly rises. As the oxidation... 

It is absolutely necessary to introduce the aldehyde into the nitric acid. When the reverse is attempted the reaction starts slowly but soon becomes explosive. 

The transformations (1) lead to unstable alkyl nitrates, which can detonate very easily. The reactions (2) lead to more or less complete oxidations of the organic molecule. The formation of aldehydes is purely theoretical since they are more oxidisable than alcohols and therefore are not part of the oxidation process by nitric acid. On the other hand, a ketone can form with a secondary alcohol. With tertiary alcohols, carboxylic acid is the only possible outcome of the partial oxidation, which is caused by the breaking of C-C bonds. When the oxidation is out of control, it is likely to have a complete oxidation. Finally, with heavy metal... 

A wide-mouth 1-1. Erlenmeyer flask is supported inside a water bath of at least 2-1. capacity so that the bottom of the flask is not in contact with the bottom of the bath. The bath is filled with water at about 15° to cover at least half the height of the flask. The flask is fitted with a moderate-speed stainless-steel propeller-type stirrer, and 350 ml. of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.4) at 20° is poured into it. Veratraldehyde,2 70 g. (0.42 mole) (Note 2), is crushed at least as fine as rice grains and is slowly added in small portions to the acid. The rate of addition should be such that it requires about 1 hour to add all the aldehyde. It is helpful, although not usually necessary, to add two or three ice cubes to the bath at the start of the nitration. The internal temperature is chocked from time to time and should be held between 18°... 

See Nitric acid 4-Acetoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde See other aldehydes, nitroaryl compounds... 

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